EC Nutrition

The genomic homology between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the human genome forms the basis for studies elucidating biological processes in living systems at the molecular level. Research indicates that the SOD1 gene that encodes for Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (sod1p) and CTR1 gene that encodes for membrane copper transporter 1 protein (ctr1p) are part of same gene regulatory network and are reciprocally regulated in response to copper concentration gradient levels dependent manner modulated by iron-copper associated and dissociated ionic equilibrium balance gradient shifts driving the oxidative stress shifts through feedback mechanism at the transcriptional level. It demonstrates that physical, chemical and biochemical stimuli or biological injury can alter the effects of mutations that impair the function of essential genes operating within the same regulatory network. This process can enhance the activity of weaker genes. When biochemical reaction cascades function under stress conditions, their framework is altered. Rab (2007) revealed that, under stress conditions, the regulation and operation of genes network pathways and ongoing biochemical reactions modify their functional biochemical and chemical potentials, targets and consequences. For example, under stress condition in del CTR1 gene (that encodes for membrane copper transporter1protein (ctr1p)) yeast cells, when copper ions are sufficiently supplied to Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (sod1p) by the Lys 7/CCS gene product (Lys 7/CCS gene is down-regulated or is turned off under non-functional or in absence of CTR1 gene that encodes for membrane copper transporter 1 protein (ctr1p)) the cell populations regain their viability proportion same as the wild type yeast cell populations exhibit on exposure with same strength of stressor. This restoration of activity of SOD1 gene (that encodes for Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (sod1p)) s product, a protein that binds copper and zinc ions in its molecular structure to destroy free superoxide radicals including those generated by electron transport chain (respiratory chain) in absence of CTR1 gene, which encodes for membrane copper transporter 1 protein (ctr1p), a cell membrane protein that is a high affinity membrane copper transporter; such as Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (sod1p) molecules acquiring their multifaceted chemical and biochemical potentials involving stereochemistry and enzymatic activity and their shifts while enabling the knock out yeast cell populations to regain survival strength against the stressor in a manner similar to that observed in wild-type yeast strains’ populations. These findings question the credibility of traditional understanding related to the mutual relationship that exists among protein dysfunction, cell survival and disease. It also underscores the complexity of genomic operations and biochemical processes which may be governed by genetically and/or epigenetically pre-programmed biochemical cascades alone or are modulated in combination with environmental and dietary drivers. These drivers act upon universal evolutionary capacitor operating through universal evolutionary capacitor switch, such as SOD1 gene encodes for Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase-Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (sod1p) (SOD1-sod1p) switch driving regulatory circuits through universal evolutionary capacitor switch complex such as SOD1 gene encodes for Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase-Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (sod1p) (SOD1-sod1p) composing switch’s regulatory circuit effecting modulators’ roles which drive evolution of healthy or unhealthy poorly adopted or well adopted cellular phenotypes influencing the trajectory of disease and recovery.

 Keywords: Gene Operation Regulatory Network; Apoptosis; Epigenetics; Evolution; Food Preparations; Contagious Disease; Non Contagious Illnesses; Natural Health; Food Therapy; Obsolete Knowledge; Academia and Industry Linkage

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