EC Pharmacology And Toxicology

The human gut is the home of billions of microorganisms repressing more than thousands of species. Cumulatively, these microorganisms make a microenvironment in the gut and thus influence many of the host’s functions. Among them, a beneficial class of microorganisms are known as probiotics, which are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host. Probiotics have selection criteria and possess vast applications ranging from technological functions to disease treatment. The human gut epithelial lining represents a major part that contains more immune cells than any other part. Probiotics have the property of attachment to the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), and through this attachment they perform their action. Likewise, the probiotics in IECs also activate the pro-inflammatory responses either by the activation of cytokines or the production of lipopolysaccharide and thus help in the prevention and treatment of different diseases.

 Keywords: Probiotics; Inflammation; Immunity; Gut Microbiota

1. Dawodu OG and RB Akanbi. “Isolation and identification of microorganisms associated with automated teller machines on federal polytechnic Ede campus”. PLoS ONE8 (2021): e0254658.
2. Hussain Abrar., et al. “Prevalence of microorganisms in indoor household environments and their pathogenesis”. Journal of Antimicrobial Agents1 (2024): 1-5.
3. Novak Babič., et al. “Microorganisms populating the water-related indoor biome”. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology15 (2020): 6443-6462.
4. Cavicchioli Ricardo., et al. “Scientists’ warning to humanity: microorganisms and climate change”. Nature Reviews Microbiology9 (2019): 569-586.
5. Hussain Abrar. “Microorganisms and Climate Change: The Smallest Doing the Bigger”. The Earth Needs Love (2024).
6. Tiedje James M., et al. “Microbes and climate change: A research prospectus for the future”. MBio3 (2022): e0080022.
7. Hou Kaijian., et al. “Microbiota in health and diseases”. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy1 (2022): 135.
8. Ogunrinola Grace A., et al. “The human microbiome and its impacts on health”. International Journal of Microbiology (2020): 8045646.
9. Valdes Ana M., et al. “Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health”. BMJ 361 (2018): k2179.
10. Thursby Elizabeth and Nathalie Juge. “Introduction to the human gut microbiota”. Biochemical Journal11 (2017): 1823-1836.
11. Rupa Prithy and Yoshinori Mine. “Recent advances in the role of probiotics in human inflammation and gut health”. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry34 (2012): 8249-8256.
12. Liu Yuying., et al. “Probiotics in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders”. Nutrients10 (2018): 1537.
13. Selvamani, Shanmugaprakasham., et al. “Efficacy of probiotics-based interventions as therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a recent update”. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences5 (2022): 3546-3567.
14. Colletti Alessandro., et al. “The possible role of probiotic supplementation in inflammation: a narrative review”. Microorganisms9 (2023): 2160.
15. Mackowiak Philip A. “Recycling Metchnikoff: Probiotics, the intestinal microbiome and the Quest for long life”. Frontiers in Public Health 1 (2013): 52.
16. Sales-Campos., et al. “An introduction of the role of probiotics in human infections and autoimmune diseases”. Critical Reviews in Microbiology4 (2019): 413-432.
17. Anukam Kingsley C and Gregor Reid. “Probiotics: 100 Years (1907-2007) after Elie Metchnikoff ’s Observation”. Communicating Current Research and Educational Topics and Trends in Applied Microbiology (2007): 466-474.
18. Tamboli Cyrus P., et al. “Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: A critical review”. Bailliere’s Best Practice and Research in Clinical Gastroenterology 5 (2003): 805-820.
19. Hussain Abrar., et al. “The potential use of probiotics as medicine”. Gut Heath, Microbiota and Animal Diseases (2024): 30-43.
20. Hill Colin., et al. “Expert consensus document: The international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic”. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology8 (2014): 506-514.
21. Caselli Michele., et al. “Actual concept of ‘probiotics’: Is it more functional to science or business?” World Journal of Gastroenterology10 (2013): 1527-1540.
22. Hussain Abrar. “Health Benefits of Probiotics”. Council for Scientific Approaches, Pakistan (2023): 1-6.
23. Hussain Abrar., et al. “Molecular assessment and validation of the selected enterococcal strains as probiotics”. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins (2023).
24. Hussain Abrar and Syed Abid Ali. “Deciphering the spectrum of genus Enterococcus”. Science Synergy: Exploring Interdisciplinary Frontiers 1 (2024a): 135-150.
25. Hussain Abrar and Syed Abid Ali. “The role of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of psychological disorders”. Conference Proceedings of International Psychology Conference on Mental Health and Resilience (IPC- MHR) (2024b): 1-24.
26. Hussain Abrar., et al. “Probiotics and vegetable oil association: a review”. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science1 (2024): 012001.
27. Cristofori Fernanda., et al. “Anti-Inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in gut inflammation: a door to the body”. Frontiers in Immunology 12 (2021): 578386.
28. Khoso Arisha., et al. “Molecular assessments of antimicrobial protein enterocins and quorum sensing genes and their role in virulence of the genus Enterococcus”. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins (2024).
29. Li Congxin., et al. “The role of Lactobacillus in inflammatory bowel disease: from actualities to prospects”. Cell Death Discovery1 (2023): 361.
30. Petrariu Oana., et al. “Role of probiotics in managing various human diseases, from oral pathology to cancer and gastrointestinal diseases”. Frontiers in Microbiology 14 (2023): 1296447.
31. Naeem Hammad., et al. “Role of probiotics against human cancers, inflammatory diseases, and other complex malignancies”. Journal of Food Biochemistry (2024).
32. Dominika Jakubczyk., et al. “The effectiveness of probiotics in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-A critical review”. Nutrients 7 (2020): 1973.