EC Pharmacology And Toxicology

Review Article Volume 13 Issue 2 - 2025

Language Delay and Autism Spectrum Disorder-Like Behaviors: Differentiation and Diagnostic Hypotheses - Review Article

Fabiano de Abreu Agrela Rodrigues* and Flávio Henrique dos Santos Nascimento

Post-PhD in Neurosciences, Universidad Franz Tamayo, Brazil
*Corresponding Author: Fabiano de Abreu Agrela Rodrigues, Post-PhD in Neurosciences, Universidad Franz Tamayo, Brazil.
Received: January 28, 2025; Published: February 05, 2025



This study investigates the relationship between language delay and behaviors that resemble Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), highlighting difficulties in communication and social interaction. The main objective is to identify the distinctive characteristics between children with isolated language delay and those with ASD, providing support for an accurate differential diagnosis. The study explores how phonological errors, such as consistent phoneme substitutions, can indicate the presence of Speech Sound Disorder (SSD) or apraxia of speech, and how these patterns differ in children with ASD. In addition, the impact of neonatal complications, such as hypoxia, on language development and the manifestation of these behaviors is considered.

 Keywords: Language Delay; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Speech Sound Disorder; Apraxia of Speech; Differential Diagnosis; Neonatal Hypoxia

  1. American speech-language-hearing association. Childhood Apraxia of Speech. ASHA Technical Report (2007).
  2. Barkley Russell A. “Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment”. 4th New York: Guilford Press (2014).
  3. Dodd Barbara., et al. “Diagnosing inconsistent phonological disorder: quantitative and qualitative measures”. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics5 (2023): 453-476.
  4. Eigsti Inge-Marie., et al. “Beyond pragmatics: Morphosyntactic development in autism”. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders6 (2011): 1007-1023.
  5. Gernsbacher Morton A., et al. “Autism and communication”. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders4 (2016): 1391-1404.
  6. Grau-Husarikova E., et al. “How language affects social cognition and emotional competence in typical and atypical development: A systematic review”. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders5 (2024): 1788-1816.
  7. Hagerman Randi J. “Fragile X syndrome: Diagnosis, treatment, and research”. 3rd Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (2008).
  8. Just Marcel A., et al. “Autism as a neural systems disorder: A theory of frontal-posterior underconnectivity”. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews4 (2012): 1292-1313.
  9. Klin Ami. “Autism and Asperger Syndrome: An Overview”. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria1 (2006): S3-S11.
  10. Leonard Laurence B. “Children with specific language impairment”. 2nd Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (2014).
  11. Liu Hsin-Yiu and Chien Huei-Mei. “Speech sound errors of Mandarin-speaking preschool children with co-occurring speech sound disorder and developmental language disorder”. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics12 (2020): 1130-1148.
  12. Lord Catherine., et al. “Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder”. Autism Spectrum Disorders (2020): 11-40.
  13. Mervis Carolyn B and John Angela E. “Cognitive and behavioral characteristics of children with Williams syndrome: Implications for intervention approaches”. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics2 (2010): 229-248.
  14. Miller Gregory A and Cohen Jonathan D. “An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function”. Annual Review of Neuroscience 24 (2001): 167-202.
  15. Namasivayam Aravind K., et al. “Speech sound disorders in children: An articulatory phonology perspective”. Frontiers in Psychology 10 (2020): 2998.
  16. Nelson Charles A and Bhat Vinod. “Neonatal encephalopathy and neurological outcome”. New England Journal of Medicine11 (2017): 1081-1082.
  17. O'Shea Thomas M., et al. “Neonatal morbidities and the risk of developmental delay”. Pediatrics 3 (2008): 720-728.
  18. Paul Rhea and Norbury Courtenay F. Autism spectrum disorder. Language disorders from infancy through adolescence: Listening, speaking, reading, writing, and communicating (2013): 400-453.
  19. Smith Jeanne., et al. “Language development in premature infants: The role of neurodevelopmental interventions”. Journal of Neonatal Nursing2 (2014): 99-103.
  20. Snow Catherine E. “Social perspectives on the emergence of language”. In: MacWhinney, Brian. (Ed.) The Emergence of Language. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (1999): 257-276.

Fabiano de Abreu Agrela Rodrigues and Flávio Henrique dos Santos Nascimento. “Language Delay and Autism Spectrum Disorder-Like Behaviors: Differentiation and Diagnostic Hypotheses - Review Article” ”. EC Pharmacology and Toxicology  13.2 (2025): 01-09.