EC Nutrition

Modern life has brought us humans to such a dependency on external things that many neither know where those things are from nor how they are made or transformed. 

In this review, it was attempted to discuss the different products concerning the simply extracted sea salt to the modern and highly processed “table salt” and their different degrees in adequacy of consumption and human physiology. 

Then the discussion proceeds to the element calcium and its various possible chemical forms, both organic and inorganic compounds, in relation to bone’s healing and/or bone’s homeostasis. Then, possible relations between some anti-nutrition habits and their power to seriously damage the kidneys or the whole emunctory system as well as the bones, are addressed. 

This review is intended to shed some light on proper directions to Dietetics and Medical Science professionals, and also layman in general, in the use and abuse of these substances and how to take back your power by choosing based on scientific knowledge.

 Keywords: Salts; Calcium; Nutrition; Bioelectricity; Processed Sugar; Soft Drinks; Osteoporosis; Trace Elements

1. Yang C., et al. “Application of piezoelectric material and devices in bone regeneration”. Nanomaterials (Basel)24 (2022): 4386.
2. HealthCMi CEUs.
3. Study: Electroacupuncture eases pain through stem-cell release.
4. Lipinski B. “Biological significance of piezoelectricity in relation to acupuncture, Hatha Yoga, osteopathic medicine and action of air ions”. Medical Hypotheses1 (1977): 9-12.
5. Nunn AVW., et al. “Bioelectric fields at the beginnings of life”. Bioelectricity4 (2022): 237-247.
6. Becker Robert Otto and Selden Gary. “The Body Electric: Eletromagnetism and the Foundation of Life”. William Morrow Paperbacks Pub, N.Y (1998).
7. Grider MH., et al. “Physiology, Action Potential”. In: StatPearls Internet. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing (2025).
8. McCormick DA. “Chapter 12 - Membrane potential and action potential”. From Molecules to Network (3^rd Edition) An introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (2014): 351-376.
9. Davis J., et al. “Basic human physiology”. Chapter 15. Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike.
10. Human Physiology. Cardiac Action Potentials. University of Guelph.
11. Marchandise Xavier., et al. “Biophysique pour les sciences de la vie et de la santé”. Omniscience, Paris (2007).
12. Hendel Barbara and Ferreira Peter. “Water & Salt, The Essence of Life: The healing power of Nature”. Natural Health International, Switzerland (2003).
13. Di Salvo E., et al. “Gourmet table salts: The mineral composition showdown”. Toxics8 (2023): 705.
14. Minerals in Himalayan Pink Salt Spectral Analysis.
15. Di Salvo E., et al. “Gourmet table salts: The mineral composition showdown”. Toxics8 (2023): 705.
16. van Deventer JSJ. “The precious metals we prefer to ignore”. Minerals Engineering 53 (2013): 266-275.
17. Samimi M., et al. “Rate enhancement of plant growth using Ormus solution: optimization of operating factors by response surface methodology”. International Journal of Phytoremediation12 (2023): 1636-1642.
18. Ali BTI., et al. “Refining NaCl: Elevating Salt's quality from coarse to industrial and pharmacy grade through innovative hydroextraction techniques”. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 9 (2024): 100752.
19. Martín MM. “Industrial chemical process analysis and design”. Elsevier, 1^st edition (2016).
20. Tauqir W., et al. “Modeling aqueous multi-electrolyte systems for the simulation and optimization of concentrated brine processes”. Computer Aided Process Engineering 52 (2023): 733-738.
21. Batmanghelidj F. “Your Body's Many Cries for Water: You're Not Sick; You're Thirsty: Don't Treat Thirst with Medications”. Global Health Solutions, USA (2008).
22. “Electrophysiology - AI generated definition based on Trends on Cognitive Science”. Elsevier (2018).
23. Syrovaya A., et al. “Buffer system, their composition, properties. Buffer systems of the organism” (2017).
24. Alzeer J. “The role of buffers in establishing a balance of homeostasis and maintaining health”. American Journal of Medicinal Chemistry1 (2023): 1-6.
25. White JS. “Straight talk about high-fructose corn syrup: what it is and what it ain’t”. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition6 (2008): 1716S-1721S.
26. Aoyagi T., et al. “High-fructose corn syrup on inflammation and cancer”. World Journal of Oncology6 (2025): 531-537.
27. Yu ZZ., et al. “The impact of high fructose corn syrup on liver injury and glucose metabolism: a systematic review”. Frontiers in Nutrition 12 (2025): 1724398.
28. Ahmed AK. “Health hazards of high fructose corn syrup: Review article”. Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine 99 (2025): 1870-1872.
29. Von Euw S., et al. “Bone mineral: new insights into its chemical composition”. Scientific Reports1 (2019): 8456.
30. Zofková I., et al. “Trace elements and bone health”. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)8 (2013): 1555-1561.
31. Yang T., et al. “The effects of selenium on bone health: from element to therapeutics”. Molecules2 (2022): 392.
32. Gaffney-Stomberg E. “The impact of trace minerals on bone metabolism”. Biological Trace Element Research1 (2019): 26-34.
33. Ciosek Ż., et al. “Iron, zinc, copper, cadmium, mercury, and bone tissue”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health3 (2023): 2197.
34. Aaseth J., et al. “Osteoporosis and trace elements - An overview”. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology2-3 (2012): 149-152.
35. Schultz MT and Rink L. “Zinc deficiency as possible link between immunosenescence and age‑related diseases”. Immunity and Ageing1 (2025): 19.
36. Chasapis CT., et al. “Zinc and human health: an update”. Archives of Toxicology4 (2012): 521-534.
37. Schultz MT and Rink L. “Zinc deficiency as possible link between immunosenescence and age‑related diseases”. Immunity and Ageing1 (2025): 19.
38. Betrie AH., et al. “Zinc drives vasorelaxation by acting in sensory nerves, endothelium and smooth muscle”. Nature Communications 12 (2021): 3296.
39. Ring M. “An integrative approach to HPA axis dysfunction: from recognition to recovery”. The American Journal of Medicine 10 (2025): 1451-1463.
40. Córdova A and Navas FJ. “Effect of training on zinc metabolism: changes in serum and sweat zinc concentrations in sportsmen”. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism5 (1998): 274-282.
41. Molenda M and Kolmas J. “The role of zinc in bone tissue health and regeneration—a review”. Biological Trace Element Research12 (2023): 5640-5651.
42. Angelova M., et al. “Copper in the human organism”. Trakia Journal of Science1 (2011): 88-98.
43. Binesh A and Venkatachalam K. “Copper in human health and disease: a comprehensive review”. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology11 (2024): e70052.
44. Staessen JA., et al. “Environmental exposure to cadmium, forearm density, and risk of fractures: prospective population study”. Lancet 9159 (1999): 1140-1144.
45. Mercé ALR. “Contaminated waters and depleted soils: impact in nutrition”. Advances in Complementary and Alternative Medicine5 (2023).
46. Marreiro DN., et al. “Zinc and oxidative stress: current mechanisms”. Antioxidants2 (2017): 24.
47. 4 Acid-Base Balance.
48. Reddy A., et al. “The pH of beverages in the United States”. The Journal of the American Dental Association4 (2016): 255-263.
49. Gallagher JC. “Sodas and colas are associated with an increase in fractures”. Menopause 11 (2019): 1229-1231.
50. Hurria N., et al. “Effect of soft drinks on bones”. International Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Research2 (2021): 104-108.
51. Khalid N. “Impact of carbonated beverages on early onset of osteoporosis. A narrative review”. Nutrition and Health2 (2023): 207-214.
52. Hermansen H., et al. “Impact of soft drink intake on bone development and risk of fractures in a Danish cohort of schoolchildren”. Children1 (2025): 43.
53. Choi Y and Park K. “Dietary patterns and the risk of composite-defined osteoporosis in pre- and postmenopausal women: a prospective cohort study”. Nutrients18 (2025): 2947.
54. Hopkins E., et al. “Physiology, acid base balance”. In: StatPearls Internet. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing (2025).
55. Lopresti AL. “The effects of psychological and environmental stress on micronutrient concentrations in the body: a review of the evidence”. Advances in Nutrition1 (2020): 103-112.
56. Ho CY., et al. “Mineral stress drives loss of heterochromatin: an early harbinger of vascular inflammaging and calcification”. Circulation Research 4 (2025): 379-399.
57. Arancibia-Hernández YL., et al. “Magnesium (Mg) deficiency, not well-recognized non-infectious pandemic origin and consequence of chronic inflammatory and oxidative stress-associated diseases”. Cellular Physiology and BiochemistryS1 (2023): 1-23.
58. Mercé ALR. “Contaminated waters and depleted soils: Impact in nutrition II biochemical detoxification pathways”. EC Nutrition3 (2024): 01-29.
59. Mercé ALR. “Contaminated waters and depleted soils: Impact in nutrition III from medicinal plants to essentials oils I”. EC Nutrition1 (2025): 01-31.
60. Delipavlova R., et al. “The trinity of essential trace elements (TES) imbalance, oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory state in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hemodialysis (HD) patients: vicious triad for disease progression and outcomes”. Knowledge - International Journal4 (2024): 405-409.