EC Nutrition

The primary source of water in Midre Hagua Town is groundwater. Five groundwater samples were gathered for this investigation, and the water quality index was used to assess the groundwater's appropriateness for drinking. Ten physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, conductivity, turbidity, total alkalinity, TDS, TH, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate) and five heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Pb, Mn, and Zn) were used to determine the groundwater WQI of the research. The outcome demonstrated that all physical and chemical criteria were nearly below Ethiopian drinking water recommendations and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Conversely, in every measured area, lead (Pb) surpassed the maximum permissible limit. Three sites in the study area were categorized as "Poor Water," one as "Fine Water," and one as "Better Water." Furthermore, in this investigation, lead, pH, and turbidity were shown to be the most useful indicators for determining WQI. A small number of heavy metals and physico-chemical characteristics of water samples were found to be beyond the WHO's recommended safe levels, according to the research. In order to maintain high water quality, this calls for routine borehole water cleaning and observation.

Keywords: Water Quality Index; Drinking Water; Physico-Chemical Parameters; Heavy Metal; Turbidity

1. Kumar G., et al. “Evaluation of ground water quality in the Chotanagpur plateau region of the Subarnaretha river basin Jharkhand state India”. Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology 1 (2015): 57-74.
2. Onwughara NI., et al. “Physico-chemical studies of water from selected boreholes in Umuhia North Nigeria”. International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience3 (2013): 34-44.
3. Balakrishnan P., et al. “Groundwater quality mapping using geographic information system (GIS): A case study of Gulbarga City Karnataka India”. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 12 (2011): 1069-1084.
4. Remesan R and Panda RK. “The 3^rd international conference on water resources and arid environments” (2008).
5. Ramadhan OM., et al. “Assessment of surface water quality for irrigation using WQI model; a case study of Khosar and Tigris Rivers”. International Journal of Enhanced Research In Science Technology & Engineering 3 (2018): 63-69.
6. Devojee B., et al. “Assessment and mapping of irrigation water quality index of Baptla Mandal Guntur district Andhr India”. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 1 (2018): 1914-1920.
7. Al-hamdany AS and Al-Saffawi AYT. “Evaluation of the groundwater quality of the right side of Mosul city for drinking purposes using the water quality index (WQI)”. Accepted for publication in the Proceed of the First International Conference and the third scientific of the Faculty of Science University of Tikrit 17-18 December 2018, Iraq (2018).
8. “Guidelines for drinking-water quality 4^th Edition”. Geneva: World health Organization (2011).
9. Brown RM., et al. “A water quality index: do we dare?” Water Sewage Works 10 (1970): 339-343.
10. “Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (21^st edition)”. Washington DC: American Public health Association (2005).
11. Sahu P and Sikdar PK. “Hydrochemical framework of the aquifer in and around East Kolkata Wetlands West Bengal India”. Environmental Geology4 (2008): 823-835.
12. Nkansah MA and Ephraim JH. “Physiocochemical studies of water from selected boreholes in Bosomtwi-Atwima-Kwanwoma district of Ghana”. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology2 (2009): 643-648.
13. Quaitto WA. “Ultimate Chemistry. Pixelimage Physiocochemical studies of water from selected boreholes in Bosomtwi-Atwima-Kwanwoma district of Ghana Accra” (1996): 105-110.
14. Tiimub BM., et al. “Quality determination of ground water for drinking at Nkawkaw in Eastern region of Ghana”. Civil and Environmental Research9 (2012): 2852-2860.
15. Environmental Protection Agency. “National action programme to combat drought and desertification Ghana Accra” (2002).
16. Spellman FR and Drinan JE. “The drinking water handbook 2^nd edition”. CRC Press Boca Raton (2012).
17. Guidelines for drinking water quality Volume 2 health Criteria and Other Supporting Information (2^nd Edition Volume 1). Geneva Switzerland: World health Organization (1996).
18. Nitsch C., et al. “Cleansing agents”. In: Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry (on-line). Wiley-VCh Verlag Gmbh & Co. KGaA Weinheim (2000): 1-23
19. Todd DK. Groundwater hydrology 3^rd Wiley Hoboken (2008).
20. Sawyer CN., et al. Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science (5^th Edition). Boston: McGraw-Hill Education (2003).
21. “Guidelines for drinking-water quality (fourth edition)”. Geneva: World health Organization (2011a).
22. Sujatha D and Reddy BR. “Quality characterization of groundwater in the south-eastern part of the Ranga Reddy district Andhra Pradesh India”. Environmental Geology44 (2003): 579-586.
23. “Hardness in drinking-water. Background document for preparation of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality”. Geneva: World health Organization (2011b).
24. “Guidelines for drinking water quality”. Recommendation (2^nd edition. Volume 1) AUBS publishers New Delhi (2004): 122-143.
25. Mancy JW. “The environmental impact of agricultural nitrogen and phosphorus use”. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 30 (2012): 804-810.
26. Thriodore BS. “Interpreting drinking water quality”. New Brunswick. Cook College Rutgers University (2004).
27. “Drinking water standards and health advisories” (2012).
28. Gardner SJ and Pelig-Ba KB. “Health problems related to ground waters in the Obuasi and Bolgatanga areas Ghana”. British Geological Survey Technical Report WC/95/43 (1995).
29. American society for testing materials Annual book of Standard Water and environmental technology. Volume 11 (2004): 22-132.
30. Bowell RJ., et al. “Biogeochemical factors affecting borehole water quality in central Tanzania”. Environmental Geochemistry and Health: Geological Society (1996).
31. Ward NI. “Environmental analytical chemistry Blackie academic and professional”. Chapman and hall; London U.K. (1995): 121-127.
32. Chowdhury S., et al. “Heavy metals in drinking water: Occurrences implications and future needs in developing countries”. Science of the Total Environment 569-570 (2016): 476-488.
33. Barakat MA. “New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial waste water”. Arabian Journal of Chemistry4 (2011): 361-377.
34. Asfaw MD. “Assessment of ground water quality in Woreillu town, Ethiopia”. Research Square (2022).
35. Asfaw MD. “Evaluation of ground water quality with water quality index (WQI) in Woreillu Town, Ethiopia”. Journal of Environment and Earth Science1 (2021).