EC Nutrition

Many conventional emulsions suffer from physical-chemical instability and accompanying variations in texture and appearance and bioavailability of intrinsic components due to temperature changes, extreme pH values and high salt concentrations. As the emulsifiers used in the food industry, cosmetics and pharmacy have proven to be more and more harmful, the introduction of less harmful emulsifiers and co-emulsifiers is being sought. Clay minerals are gaining more and more importance primarily for safety reasons. In our work, we will review both clay minerals as emulsion emulsifiers and a new type of emulsion with small particles, the so-called Pickering emulsion. They are increasingly using ecological emulsions for protecting fruit, making food products, and making cosmetic products. In particular, clay minerals should be highlighted as drug carriers with the dosed release of the active substance. Liposomal preparations are increasingly being developed for more efficient delivery of the active component of food or medicine with clay minerals. More recent research should develop emulsions based on clay minerals and amino acids for soaking in the bathtub as part of a lifestyle philosophy.

Keywords: Emulsion; Swelling Clay; Montmorillonite; Pickering; Cationic Surfactants

1. Viseras C., et al. Free Radicals and Antioxidants in Normal Physiological Functions and Human (2007).
2. Carretero MI. “Clay minerals and their beneficial effects upon human health. A review”. Applied Clay Science 21 (2002): 155-163.
3. “Clays Drugs and Human Health”. In Developments in Clay Science; Elsevier: Oxford, UK (2013): 711-764.
4. Stojiljković S and Todorović B. “The adsorption-desorption power of bentonite-based materials”. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing (2016).
5. Chhabra R., et al. “The Measurement of the Cation Exchange Capacity and Exchangeable Cations in Soils: A New Method”. Proceedings of the International Clay Conference (1975): 439-449.
6. Miner PE. “Emulsion Rheology: Creams and Lotions in Rheological Properties of Cosmetics and Toiletries”. Laba, D. (Edition.), Marcel Dekker: New York (1993): 313-370.
7. Carretero MI and Pozo M. “Clay and non-clay minerals in the pharmaceutical industry: Part I. Excipients and medical applications”. Applied Clay Science 46 (2009): 73-80.
8. Stojiljković S., et al. “Multifaceted Role of Clay Minerals in Pharmaceuticals”. Future Science OA (2015): 1.
9. Faiza B and Gerhard L. “Surface modification of clay minerals”. Applied Clay Science1-6 (2001): 1-3.
10. For Grim RE. “Clay Mineralogy, 2^nd edition”., McGraw-Hill: New York (1968).
11. França DB., et al. “Monitoring diclofenac adsorption by organophilic alkyl pyridinium bentonites”. Chemosphere 242 (2020): 125109.
12. Sarkar B., et al. “Modified clay minerals for environmental applications”. Modified Clay and Zeolite Nanocomposite Materials (2019): 113-127.
13. Bergaya F and Lagaly G. “Chapter 1”. General Introduction: Clays, Clay Minerals and Clay Science (2006): 1-18.
14. Bergaya F., et al. “Chapter 7.5 Pillared clays and clay minerals”. Handbook of Clay Science (2006): 393-421.
15. Förster J., et al. “Approach and avoidance strength during goal attainment: Regulatory focus and the "goal looms larger" effect”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology5 (1998): 1115-1131.
16. Breuer MM. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists 30 (1979): 41-64.
17. Sterzel W. “Toxicology of surfactants used in cosmetics, in Surfactants in cosmetics”. Dekker (1997): 557-571.
18. Paez JG., et al. “EGFR mutation in lung cancer: correlation with clinical response to gefitinib therapy”. Science 304 (2004): 1497-1500.
19. Reger M and Hoffmann H. “Hydrophobin coated boehmite nanoparticles stabilizing oil in water emulsions”. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 368 (2012): 378-386.
20. Schramm LL. “Foams: Fundamentals and Applications in the Petroleum Industry”. Advances in Chemistry Series 242, American Chemical Society, Washington DC (1994).
21. Stojiljković M., et al. “Thermal energy storage composites based on clay and phase change materials”. Proceedings of SEEP Bled, Slovenia 227 (2017): 27-30.
22. Borrego-Sánchez A., et al. “Biopharmaceutical improvement of praziquantel by interaction with montmorillonite and sepiolite”. Applied Clay Science 160 (2018): 173-179.
23. Florence AT and Whitehill D. “The formulation and stability of multiple emulsions”. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 11 (1989): 277-308.
24. López-Galindo A., et al. “Compositional, technical and safety specifications of clays to be used as pharmaceutical and cosmetic products”. Applied Clay Science (2006).
25. Schramm LL. “Emulsions, Foams and Suspensions: Fundamentals and Applications. Germany: WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co”. KGaA, Weinheim (2005): 465.
26. Aveyard R., et al. “Emulsions stabilized solely by colloidal particles”. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 100-102 (2003): 503-546.
27. Guillot S., et al. “Internally structured Pickering emulsions stabilized by clay mineral particles”. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 333 (2009): 563-569.
28. Aguzzi C., et al. “Use of clays as drug delivery systems: Possibilities and limitations”. Applied Clay Science 36 (2007): 22-36.
29. Binks BP. “Particles as surfactants: Similarities and differences”. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci Binks, B.P. (Edition.), Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, Chapter (1998): 12.
30. Tsabet E`and Fradette L. “Effect of the properties of the oil, particles, and water on the production of Pickering emulsions”. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 97 (2015a): 9-17.
31. Abend S and Lagaly G. “Bentonite and Double Hydroxides as Emulsifying Agents”. Clay Minerals4 (2001): 557-570.
32. Sjöblom J. “Emulsions and emulsion stability”. 2^nd Sci-Tech News (2006): 61.
33. Schramm LL. “Emulsions, Foams and Suspensions: Fundamentals and Applications. Germany: WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co”. KGaA, Weinheim (2005): 465.
34. Van Olphen H. “An Introduction to Clay Colloid Chemistry, 2^nd edition”., Wiley-Interscience: New York (1977).
35. Breuer MM. “Cosmetic Emulsions in Encyclopedia of Emulsion Technology, Becher, P”. (Edition.), Marcel Dekker: New York 3 (1985): 386.
36. Grim RE. “Clay mineralogy”. 2^nd McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1968).
37. Viseras C and Lopez-Galindo A. “Pharmaceutical Applications of Some Spanish Clays (Sepiolite, Palygorskite, Bentonite): Some Preformulation Studies”. Applied Clay Science 14 (1999): 69-82.
38. Viseras C., et al. “Current Challenges in Clay Minerals for Drug Delivery”. Applied Clay Science 48 (2010): 291-295.
39. López-Galindo A., et al. “Compositional, technical and safety specifications of clays to be used as pharmaceutical and cosmetic products”. Applied Clay Science 36 (2007): 51-63.
40. Modabberi S., et al. “Characterization of Iranian bentonites to be used as pharmaceutical materials”. Applied Clay Science 116-117 (2015): 193-201.
41. Sandri G., et al. “Chapter 19-Clay Minerals for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Engineering”. In Wound Healing Biomaterials; Ågren, M.S., Edition.; Woodhead Publishing: Sawston, UK (2016): 385-402.
42. López-Galindo A., et al. “Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Uses of Fibrous Clays”. In Developments in Clay Science; Elsevier: Oxford, UK (2011): 299-324.
43. Viseras C., et al. “Clays in cosmetics and personal-care products”. Clays and Clay Minerals 69 (2021): 561-575.
44. Kim MH., et al. “Review of clay-drug hybrid materials for biomedical applications: Administration routes”. Clays and Clay Minerals 64 (2016): 115-130.
45. A Gil., et al. “Recent advances in the synthesis and catalytic applications of pillared clays”. Catalysis Reviews 1-2 (2000): 145-212.
46. BP Binks and TS Horozov. “In Colloidal Particles at Liquid Interfaces”. Edition. by B.P. Binks, T.S. Horozov (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2006): 1.
47. Dickinson. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 15 (2010): 40.
48. ST Stojiljković and BŽ Todorović. “Adsorpciono desorpcione i iskoristive osobine materijala na bazi bentonita”. Tehnološki fakultet, Leskovac (2018).
49. Stojiljković S and Stojiljkovic M. “Application of bentonite clay to human use, The Fourth Serbian Ceramic Society Conference, Advanced Ceramics and Application IV, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35, Belgrade, Serbia 21-23 (2015).
50. Guthrie GD and Mossman BT. “Health Effects of Mineral Dusts”. Reviews in Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC 28 (1993).
51. Martı´n Dı´az, L. “Arcillas, peloides y parafangos en medicina este´tica”. Tesis de Ma´ster Universitario de Medicina Este´tica. Univ. Islas Baleares (1998): 45.
52. W Xie., et al. “Thermal characterization of organically modified montmorillonite Thermochim”. Acta (2001).
53. Stojiljković S., et al. “Investigations of the Changes in the Bentonite Structure Caused by the Different Treatments”. Science of Sintering 47 (2015): 51-59.
54. Stojiljković S., et al. “Investigations of the Changes in the Bentonite Structure Caused by the Different Treatments”. Science of Sintering 47 (2015): 51-59.
55. Borrego-Sánchez A., et al. “Praziquantel-clays as accelerated release systems to enhance the low solubility of the drug”. Pharmaceutics 12 (2020): 1-16.
56. Carazo E., et al. “Selective modification of clay minerals for the adsorption of herbicides widely used in olive groves”. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry16 (2007): 6650-6658.
57. Silva FC., et al. “Clays as Biomaterials in Controlled Drug Release: A Scientific and Technological Short Review”. Biomedical Journal of Scientific and Technical Research 15 (2019): 11237-11242.
58. Tenci M., et al. “Carvacrol/clay hybrids loaded into in situ gelling films”. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 531 (2017): 676-688.
59. Da Rocha MC., et al. “Clays as Vehicles for Drug Photostability”. Pharmaceutics4 (2022): 796.
60. Adamis Z., et al. “Bentonite, Kaolin, and Selected Clay Minerals”. B., Gadow R., Mitic V. (editions) Proceedings of the IV Advanced Ceramics and Applications Conference. Atlantis Press, Paris (2005).
61. Uddin F. “Clay, nanoclay and montmorillonite minerals”. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 12 (2008): 2804-2814.
62. Valko M., et al. “Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer”. Chemico-Biological Interactions1 (2006): 1-40.
63. Xu P., et al. “Preventive Obesity Agent Montmorillonite Adsorbs Dietary Lipids and Enhances Lipid Excretion from the Digestive Tract”. Scientific Reports1 (2016): 1-12.
64. Phillips W and Horn G. “Intake and digestion of wheat forage by stocker calves and lambs”. Journal of Animal Science 9 (2008): 2424-2429.
65. Ghadiri M., et al. “Layered silicate clay functionalized with amino acids: wound healing application”. RSC Advances 4 (2014): 35332-35343.
66. Kaufhold S., et al. “Comparison of methods for distinguishing sodium carbonate activated from natural sodium bentonites”. Applied Clay Science 86 (2013): 23-37.
67. Boylu F., et al. “Production of ultrapure bentonite clays through centrifugation techniques”. Separation Science and Technology6 (2012): 842-849.
68. SH Emami-Razavi., et al. “Effect of bentonite on skin wound healing: an experimental study in the rat model”. Acta Medica Iranica (2006).
69. Haroun D., et al. “Primary school food survey”. School Food Trust, Nutrition Works! And TNS-bmrb (2009).
70. Veterans C and Lopez-Galindo A. “Pharmaceutical applications of some Spanish clays (sepiolite, palygorskite, bentonite): Some pre-formulation studies”. Applied Clay Science 14 (1999): 69-82.
71. Kevadiya BD., et al. “Layered inorganic nanocomposites: A promising carrier for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)”. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics1 (2012): 91-101.
72. Ducrotte P., et al. “Symptomatic efficacy of beidellitic montmorillonite in irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized, controlled trial”. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 21 (2005): 435-444.
73. Savic I., et al. “Industrial application of clays and clay minerals, In Clays and Clay Minerals: Geological Origin, Mechanical Properties and Industrial Applications, Editors: Liam R”. Wesley, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., USA. (2014): 379-402.
74. López-Galindo A., et al. “Chapter 13-Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Uses of Fibrous Clays”. In Developments in Palygorskite-Sepiolite Research; Galàn, E., Singer, A., Edititons.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands 3 (2011): 299-324.
75. Tsuji T., et al. “Hydrothermal fluid flow system around the Iheya North Knoll in the mid-Okinawa Trough based on seismic reflection data”. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 213 (2012): 41-50.
76. De Oliveira, T., et al. “Competitive association of antibiotics with a clay mineral and organoclay derivatives as a control of their lifetimes in the environment”. ACS Omega11 (2018): 15332‑15342.
77. Suzuki M., et al. “The preventive effects of skin care are based on the development and exacerbation of atopic dermatitis‐like skin in NC/Nga mice”. Hifu no kagaku 7 (2008): 610-615.