EC Nutrition

Editorial Volume 21 Issue 1 - 2026

Densitometry as a Diagnostic Technology. Cuba within the Global Map of Research on Osteoporosis and Body Composition

Carmen Santos-Hernández*

Senior Professor, Medical Science Doctor, Havana University, Cuba and Full Professor, Guadalajara University, Mexico

*Corresponding Author: Carmen Santos-Hernández, Senior Professor, Medical Science Doctor, Havana University, Cuba and Full Professor, Guadalajara University, Mexico.
Received: November 03, 2025; Published: December 17, 2025



Numerous studies and epidemiological surveys have estimated the incidence of hip fractures as a contemporary problem. Data from organizations such as the European Union Society of Geriatric Medicine (EUGMS) and the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) indicate that the annual incidence of hip fractures among people aged 50 and over in Europe ranges from approximately 250 to more than 800 per 100,000 person-years [1-3].

  1. Kanis JA., et al. “SCOPE 2021: a new scorecard for osteoporosis in Europe”. Archives of Osteoporosis 1 (2021): 82.
  2. Willers C., et al. “Osteoporosis in Europe: a compendium of country-specific reports”. Archives of Osteoporosis 1 (2022): 23.
  3. Loooker AC., et al. “Prevalence of low femoral bone density in older U.S. adults from NHanes iii”. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 11 (1997): 1761-1768.
  4. WHO Study Group. “Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis”. World Health Organization Technical Report Series 843 (1994).
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  6. Pietrobelli AC., et al. “Dual-energy-X- ray absorptiometry body composition model: review of physical concepts”. American Journal of Physiology 6.1 (1996): E941-E951.
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  8. Kanis JA., et al. “Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis”. Osteoporosis International 4 (1997): 390-406.
  9. Faulkner KG., et al. “Discordance in patient classification using T scores”. Journal of Clinical Densitometry 3 (1999): 343-350.
  10. Cauley JA., et al. “Risk of mortality following clinical fractures”. Osteoporosis International 7 (2000): 556-561.
  11. Kanis JA., et al. “A reference standard for the description of osteoporosis". Bone 3 (2008): 467-475.
  12. Kelly TL., et al. “Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry body composition reference values from NHANES”. Plos ONE 9 (2009): e7038.
  13. Lewiecki EM., et al. “International society for clinical densitometry 2007 adult and pediatric official positions”. Bone6 (2008): 1115‐1121.
  14. Fan B., et al. “National health and nutrition examination survey whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry reference data for GE lunar systems”. Journal of Clinical Densitometry3 (2014): 344-377.
  15. Shepherd John A. "Positions of the international society for clinical densitometry and their aetiology: a scoping review". Journal of Clinical Densitometry3 (2023): 101369.
  16. Santos-Hernández C and González de La Nuez J. “Prevalencia de riesgo de fractura ósea en una población femenina habanera”. Panorama Cuba y Salud2 (2006): 14-23.
  17. Santos-Hernandez C., et al. “La influencia de algunos factores de riesgo dietéticos y genéticos y su probable asociación con la osteoporosis en una población habanera”. Monografía 1er Congreso Iberoamericano de Antropología. ANTHROPOS (2007): 1407-1426.
  18. Santos Hernández C. “Diagnostic procedures. malnutrition, overweight, obesity, and osteoporosis. diagnostic criteria. Adult Population”. Revista Cubana2 (2008): S1-S84.
  19. Sánchez Riera L., et al. “Osteoporosis and fragility fractures”. Best Practice and Research: Clinical Rheumatology 6 (2010): 793-810.
  20. Santos Hernández and Carmen Margarita. “Composición corporal y masa ósea criterios de referencia para diagnóstico biofísico de desnutrición, obesidad, y osteoporosis población adulta/Body composition and bone mass are reference criteria for biophysical diagnosis of malnutrition, obesity, and osteoporosis in the adult population”. La Habana: Editorial Universitaria (2012).
  21. Sanchez Riera L., et al. “The global burden attributable to low bone mineral density. Extended Report”. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases9 (2014): 1635-1645.
  22. Santos-Hernández Carmen M. “Male body composition and some methodological and conceptualization insights on gender and ancestral origin”. EC Nutrition8 (2023): 01-14.
  23. Naves Diaz M., et al. “Effect of vertebral fracture on health related quality of life in a Spanish population older than 54 years”. Medicina Clínica (Barc) 14 (2001): 533-535.
  24. Morales-Torres J and Gutierrez-Urena S. “The burden of osteoporosis in Latin America”. Osteoporosis International 8 (2004): 625-632.
  25. Feng Jn., et al. “Global burden of hip fracture: The global burden of disease study”. Osteoporosis International 1 (2024): 41-52.

Carmen Santos-Hernández. “Densitometry as a Diagnostic Technology. Cuba within the Global Map of Research on Osteoporosis and Body Composition”. EC Nutrition  21.1 (2026): 01-05.

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