EC Nutrition

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a persistent metabolic-condition characterized by an increase level of blood glucose due to the abnormalities in insulin secretion by the β-cell of the pancreas and or resistance toward the exploit of hormone. Insulin linked with disturbances in the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids metabolism which leads to long term complications.

Methods: A total of 240 equal proportions of male and female subjects were involved in this study. Face to face interview was used to collect the data and other possible clinical information associated with diabetes mellitus. Fasting venous blood specimens were collected to assess serum lipid profiles, liver function, kidney indices and antioxidant status. Weight and height of the participants were measured.

Results: The result shows lipid abnormalities of significant increase in the levels of LDL, TC, TG with significant decrease in the level of HDL, liver profile abnormalities of significant increase in the level of AST, ALT, and ALP followed by significant increase in the level of total protein and a significant decrease in the level of DB, TB and Albumin, kidney abnormalities of significant increase in the levels of urea, creatinine, chloride and significant decrease in the level of sodium and bicarbonate, antioxidant enzymes of significant decrease in the level of SOD and Catalase and significant decrease in the level of lipid peroxidation product (MDA) according to age groups and gender.

Conclusion: The complications of diabetes mellitus were high in the patients attending Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH) and Specialist Hospital Zaria, among middle aged and elderly with Type II Diabetes Mellitus patients. Gender, age, higher body mass index (BMI), lipid profile abnormalities, kidney function abnormalities, liver profile abnormalities and decrease in antioxidant markers were the risk factors associated with diabetes mellitus that may lead to cardiovascular diseases, diabetic nephropathy, NAFLD and the generation of free radicals beyond the scavenging abilities of endogenous antioxidant defense, that can result in oxidative stress related diabetes, which can increase morbidity and mortality in diabetes mellitus.

 Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus; Lipid Profiles; Liver Function; Kidney Indices and Antioxidant Status

1. Adamu S., et al. “The effect of green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles using Allium cepa extracts on triton x-100 induced hyperlipidemia in rats”. International Journal of Nutrition Sciences1 (2023): 36-46.
2. Adeva-Andany MM., et al. “Insulin resistance is a cardiovascular risk factor in humans”. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome2 (2019): 1449-1455.
3. Akwiwu E., et al. “Glycated haemogloin, fasting plasma glucose, plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1, and soluble thrombomodulin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus”. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences: Official Publication of the Physiological Society of Nigeria 2 (2021): 159-164.
4. American Diabetes Association. “Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S”. Journal of Diabetes Care 31 (2018): 596-615.
5. Baek JH and Kim JH. “Age at diagnosis and the risk of diabetic nephropathy in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (Diabetes Metab J 2021;45:46-54)”. Diabetes and Metabolism Journal2 (2021): 281-282.
6. Barnes PJ. “Oxidative stress-based therapeutics in COPD”. Redox Biology 33 (2020): 101544.
7. Bora K., et al. “Presence of concurrent derangements of liver function tests in type 2 diabetes and their relationship with glycemic status: a retrospective observational study from Meghalaya”. Journal of Laboratory Physicians1 (2016): 30-35.
8. Bourgeois S., et al. “Towards a functional cure for diabetes using stem cell-derived beta cells: are we there yet?”. Cells 1 (2021): 191.
9. Celik O and Yildiz BO. “Obesity and physical exercise”. Minerva Endocrinology2 (2021): 131-144.
10. Ceriello A., et al. “Glycaemic management in diabetes: old and new approaches”. The Lancet, Diabetes and Endocrinology 1 (2022): 75-84.
11. Chen Z., et al. “Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease”. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 152 (2020): 116-141.
12. Crowther CA., et al. “Lower versus higher glycemic criteria for diagnosis of gestational diabetes”. The New England Journal of Medicine7 (2022): 587-598.
13. Diabetes Public Health (2014).
14. Dominguez LJ., et al. “Impact of Mediterranean diet on chronic non-communicable diseases and longevity”. Nutrients6 (2021): 2028.
15. Fu EL and van Diepen M. “The long-term effects of metformin on patients with type 2 diabetic kidney disease”. Diabetes Care5 (2020): 948-955.
16. Gao H., et al. “Association of GCKR gene polymorphisms with the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and coronary artery disease in a Chinese Northern Han Population”. Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology4 (2019): 297-303.
17. Gołąbek KD and Regulska-Ilow B. “Dietary support in insulin resistance: An overview of current scientific reports”. Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine: Official Organ Wroclaw Medical University11 (2019): 1577-1585.
18. He J., et al. “Ferroptosis and ferritinophagy in diabetes complications”. Molecular Metabolism 60 (2022): 101470.
19. Indah MA. “Differential expression analysis of diabetic related genes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat in response to abelmoschusesculentus treatment”. International Conference on Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics 5 (2017): 43.
20. International Diabetes federation. “Global diabetics score card traction progress for action Brussels”. International diabetics federation, 5-24 (2014).
21. Jialal I., et al. “Metabolites that activate the inflammasome in nascent metabolic syndrome”. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications3 (2021): 107836.
22. Jun JE., et al. “Increase in serum albumin concentration is associated with prediabetes development and progression to overt diabetes independently of metabolic syndrome”. PLoS One 12 (2017): 0176209.
23. Lee SH., et al. “Insulin resistance: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies”. Diabetes and Metabolism Journal1 (2022): 15-37.
24. Lin L., et al. “Metabolic syndrome-related kidney injury: a review and update”. Frontiers in Endocrinology 13 (2022): 904001.
25. Long B., et al. “Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: Etiologies, evaluation, and management”. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 44 (2021): 157-160.
26. Luc K., et al. “Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in prediabetes and diabetes”. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology: An Official Journal of the Polish Physiological Society6 (2019).
27. Malik A and Ananthakrishnan S. “Diabetes physical examination”. The Medical Clinics of North America3 (2022): 483-494.
28. Mathers CD and Loncar D. “Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030”. PLos Medicine11 (2016): 442.
29. Md Isa Z., et al. “Pattern of macronutrients intake among type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Malaysia”. BMC Nutrition1 (2023): 21.
30. Mishriky BM., et al. “Diabetes-related microvascular complications - a practical approach”. Primary Care2 (2022): 239-254.
31. Neuschwander-Tetri BA. “Therapeutic Landscape for NAFLD in 2020”. Gastroenterology7 (2020): 1984-1998.e3.
32. Ojo O. “Dietary intake and type 2 diabetes”. Nutrients 9 (2019): 2177.
33. Okuduwa S., et al. “Relationship of oxidative stress with type 2 diabetes and hypertension”. Journal of Diabetology1 (2013): 1-10.
34. Opazo-Ríos L., et al. “Lipotoxicity and diabetic nephropathy: novel mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences7 (2020): 2632.
35. Oshita T., et al. “Elevated serum elaidic acid predicts risk of repeat revascularization after percutaneous coronary intervention in Japan”. Circulation Journal: Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society5 (2019): 1032-1038.
36. Prabhakar NR., et al. “Hypoxia-inducible factors and obstructive sleep apnea”. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 10 (2020): 5042-5051.
37. Seay NW., et al. “Diagnosis and management of disorders of body tonicity-hyponatremia and hypernatremia: core curriculum 2020”. American Journal of Kidney Diseases: The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation2 (2020): 272-286.
38. Seyed Khoei N., et al. “Circulating bilirubin levels and risk of colorectal cancer: serological and Mendelian randomization analyses”. BMC Medicine1 (2020): 229.
39. Shao C., et al. “Coronary artery disease: From mechanism to clinical practice”. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1177 (2020): 1-36.
40. Sheth J., et al. “The association of dyslipidemia and obesity with glycated hemoglobin”. Journal of Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology 1 (2015): 6.
41. Shiyovich A., et al. “Serum electrolyte/metabolite abnormalities among patients with acute myocardial infarction: comparison between patients with and without diabetes mellitus”. Postgraduate Medicine4 (2021): 395-403.
42. Tani S., et al. “A longitudinal study of the association of the eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio derived from fish consumption with the serum lipid levels: a pilot study”. Heart and Vessels1 (2019): 189-196.
43. Taylor R. “Type 2 diabetes and remission: practical management guided by pathophysiology”. Journal of Internal Medicine 6 (2021): 754-770.
44. Teck J. “Diabetes-associated comorbidities”. Primary Care2 (2022): 275-286.
45. World Health Organization. “Global Report on Diabetes”. Geneva (2016).
46. Yaribeygi H., et al. “Insulin resistance: Review of the underlying molecular mechanisms”. Journal of Cellular Physiology6 (2019): 8152-8161.
47. Yin B., et al. “Molecular mechanism of the effect of Huanglian Jiedu decoction on type 2 diabetes mellitus based on network pharmacology and molecular docking”. Journal of Diabetes Research (2020): 5273914.
48. Allain CC., et al. “Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol”. Clinical Chemistry4 (1974): 470-475.
49. Friedewald WT., et al. “Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge”. Clinical Chemistry6 (1972): 499-502.
50. Reitman S and Frankel S. “A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases”. American Journal of Clinical Pathology1 (1957): 56-63.
51. Jendrassik L and Grof P. “Simplified photometric methods for the determination of bilirubin”. Biochemical Journal 297 (1938): 81-89.
52. Burstein M., et al. “Rapid method for the isolation of lipoproteins from human serum by precipitation with polyanions”. Journal of Lipid Research6 (1970): 583-595.
53. Rasanayagam LJ., et al. “Measurement of urine albumin using bromocresol green”. Clinica Chimica Acta International Journal of Clinical Chemistry1 (1973): 53-57.
54. Neithercut WD., et al. “Measurement of urea and ammonium concentrations in gastric juice”. Journal of Clinical Pathology5 (1993): 462-464.
55. Jaffe FS. “A strategy for implementing family planning services in the United States”. American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health4 (1968): 713-725.
56. Beers RF Jr and Sizer IW. “A spectrophotometric method for measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry1 (1952): 133-140.
57. Shah JK and Walker AM. “Quantitative determination of MDA”. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 11 (1989): 207-211.
58. Beauchamp C and Fridovich I. “Superoxide dismutase: Improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels”. Analytical Biochemistry1 (1971): 276-287.