EC Psychology And Psychiatry

Mini Review Volume 13 Issue 2 - 2024

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Thermometry: A Paradigm for Monitoring Core Brain Temperature Response in Functional Spectroscopy Studies

Abdul Nashirudeen Mumuni*

Department of Medical Imaging, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
*Corresponding Author: Abdul Nashirudeen Mumuni, Department of Medical Imaging, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana. E-mail: mnashiru@uds.edu.gh
Received: April 02, 2024; Published: May 20, 2024



Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) predominantly measures brain metabolism, and in recent times, has attracted research interest for interrogating brain function. Brain activation paradigms mostly used in such functional MRS studies have involved the use of a visual stimulus at a frequency of about 8 Hz. It is suspected that sustained visual stimulation at such a frequency could have physiological consequences such as headaches for research volunteers. This paper highlights the utility of MRS thermometry in measuring brain temperature changes associated with functional MRS experiments, and how this method could be routinely incorporated in standard functional MRS acquisitions. The proposed paradigm does not affect the data acquisition times of functional MRS, which is desirable for clinical studies.

 Keywords: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS); Thermometry; Core Brain Temperature; Functional Spectroscopy

  1. Kiyatkin EA. "Brain temperature and its role in physiology and pathophysiology: lessons from 20 years of thermorecording”. Temperature4 (2019): 271-333.
  2. Romanovsky AA. "The thermoregulation system and how it works”. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 156 (2018): 3-43.
  3. Schmidt-Nielsen K. “Animal physiology: adaptation and environment”. 5th Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1997).
  4. Siesjö BK. “Brain energy metabolism”. Chichester: New York: Wiley (1978).
  5. Ashworth ET., et al. "Impact of elevated core temperature on cognition in hot environments within a military context”. European Journal of Applied Physiology4 (2021): 1061-1071.
  6. Yin B., et al. "Effect of extreme high temperature on cognitive function at different time scales: A national difference-in-differences analysis”. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 275 (2024): 116238.
  7. Hou K and Xu X. "Ambient temperatures associated with reduced cognitive function in older adults in China”. Scientific Reports1 (2023): 17414.
  8. Sun B., et al. "Human mood and cognitive function after different extreme cold exposure”. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 91 (2022): 103336.
  9. Nybo L., et al. "Inadequate heat release from the human brain during prolonged exercise with hyperthermia”. The Journal of Physiology2 (2002): 697-704.
  10. Xue Y., et al. "The effects of head-cooling on brain function during passive hyperthermia: an fMRI study”. International Journal of Hyperthermia7 (2018): 1010-1019.
  11. Wang H., et al. "Brain temperature and its fundamental properties: a review for clinical neuroscientists”. Frontiers in Neuroscience 8 (2014): 307.
  12. Mumuni AN and McLean J. "Dynamic MR Spectroscopy of brain metabolism using a non-conventional spectral averaging scheme”. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 277 (2017): 113-121.
  13. Mumuni AN and McLean J. "Functional proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of cerebral water and metabolites using eight radiofrequency excitations at 3.0 Tesla”. EC Proteomics and Bioinformatics1 (2017): 07-18.
  14. Zhu XH and Chen W. "Observed BOLD effects on cerebral metabolite resonances in human visual cortex during visual stimulation: a functional 1H MRS study at 4 T”. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: An Official Journal of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine5 (2001): 841-847.
  15. Blockley NP., et al. "A review of calibrated blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) methods for the measurement of task‐induced changes in brain oxygen metabolism”. NMR in Biomedicine8 (2013): 987-1003.
  16. Mumuni AN. “A move from measurement of brain metabolism to monitoring of dynamic brain function: advancement towards better understanding of brain behavior”. EC Psychology and Psychiatry3 (2019): 246-249.
  17. Cady EB., et al. "The estimation of local brain temperature by in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy”. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine6 (1995): 862-867.
  18. Vescovo E., et al. "High‐precision calibration of MRS thermometry using validated temperature standards: effects of ionic strength and protein content on the calibration”. NMR in Biomedicine2 (2013): 213-223.
  19. Sharma AA., et al. "Repeatability and reproducibility of in-vivo brain temperature measurements”. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 14 (2020): 598435.
  20. Childs C., et al. "Determination of regional brain temperature using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess brain–body temperature differences in healthy human subjects”. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: An Official Journal of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine1 (2007): 59-66.
  21. Mumuni AN., et al. "Brain temperature measurement by magnetic resonance spectroscopy thermometry using regression analysis”. Medical Physics International Journal 2 (2023): 311-315.
  22. Covaciu L., et al. "Human brain MR spectroscopy thermometry using metabolite aqueous‐solution calibrations”. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: An Official Journal of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine4 (2010): 807-814.
  23. Verius M., et al. "Magnetic resonance spectroscopy thermometry at 3 tesla: importance of calibration measurements”. Therapeutic Hypothermia and Temperature Management2 (2019): 146-155.
  24. Mumuni AN., et al. “Continuous visual stimulation is associated with reduced visual cortex temperature”. Proceedings of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Annual Meeting, Singapore (2024): 1925.
  25. Rango M., et al. "Post-activation brain warming: a 1-H MRS thermometry study”. PLoS One5 (2015): e0127314.
  26. Katz‐Brull R., et al. "Limits on activation‐induced temperature and metabolic changes in the human primary visual cortex”. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: An Official Journal of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine2 (2006): 348-355.
  27. Sukstanskii AL and Yablonskiy DA. "Theoretical model of temperature regulation in the brain during changes in functional activity”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences32 (2006): 12144-12149.

Abdul Nashirudeen Mumuni. “Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Thermometry: A Paradigm for Monitoring Core Brain Temperature Response in Functional Spectroscopy Studies” ”. EC Psychology and Psychiatry  13.2 (2024): 01-05.