EC Psychology And Psychiatry

Guest Editorial Volume 13 Issue 1 - 2024

Evidence Based Clinical Analytics Supporting the Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) Assessment to Early Identify Probands in Preaddiction

Kenneth Blum1-6,14*, Abdalla Bowirrat1, Panayotis K Thanos7,8, Colin Hanna7, Jag Khalsa8, David Baron2, Igor Elman9, Rajendra D Badgaiyan10, Catherine Dennen11, Eric R Braverman2, Paul Carney12, Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski13,14, Alireza Sharafshah15 and Mark S Gold16

1Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
2Center for Sports, Exercise, Global Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
3The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA
4Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
5Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont School of Medicine, Burlington, VY, USA
6Department of Psychiatry, Wright University, Boonshoff School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA
7Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
8US National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse and Infections Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
9Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
10Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
11Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA, USA
12Division Pediatric Neurology, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
13Department of Orthopaedics, Fundación Universitaria Sanitas, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
14Center for Advanced Spine Care of Southern Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
15Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
*Corresponding Author: Kenneth Blum, Center for Sports, Exercise, Global Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.
Received: December 18, 2023; Published: December 26, 2023



The first ever confirmed candidate psychiatric genetic association study was performed by Kennth Blum and Ernest Noble and their team, whereby they discovered a significant association of the minor DRD2 allele Taq A1 (rs 1800497 C>T) and severe alcoholism published in JAMA (1990) [1]. While this seminal finding has been the subject of significant controversy, it has been now confirmed in a number of high end and elaborate recent GWAS studies related to depression and suicide in 1.2 million veterans [2,3]. In the latter case, the DRD2 rs1800497 was significantly associated with suicide behaviors at P = 1.77 X 10-7.

  1. Blum K., et al. “Allelic association of human dopamine D2 receptor gene in alcoholism”. Journal of the American Medical Association15 (1990): 2055-2060.
  2. Kimbrel NA., et al. “A genome-wide association study of suicide attempts in the million veterans program identifies evidence of pan-ancestry and ancestry-specific risk loci”. Molecular Psychiatry 4 (2022): 2264-2272.
  3. Levey DF., et al. “Bi-ancestral depression GWAS in the Million Veteran Program and meta-analysis in >1.2 million individuals highlight new therapeutic directions”. Nature Neuroscience7 (2021): 954-963.
  4. Jung Y., et al. “Assessment of the association of D2 dopamine receptor gene and reported allele frequencies with alcohol use disorders a systematic review and meta-analysis”. JAMA Network Open11 (2019): e1914940.
  5. Blum K., et al. “The D2 dopamine receptor gene as a predictor of compulsive disease Bayes' theorem”. Functional Neurology 1 (1995): 37-44.
  6. Yang BZ., et al. “Haplotypic variants in DRD2, ANKK1, TTC12, and NCAM1 are associated with comorbid alcohol and drug dependence”. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research12 (2008): 2117-2127.
  7. Neville MJ., et al. “Identification and characterization of ANKK1 a novel kinase gene closely linked to DRD2 on chromosome band 11q23.1”. Human Mutation 6 (2004): 540-545.
  8. Blum K., et al. “Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) molecular neurogenetic evidence for predisposition to Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)”. Molecular Neurobiology 3 (2014): 765-796.
  9. Blum K., et al. “Statistical validation of risk alleles in genetic addiction risk severity (GARS) test early identification of risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD) in 74,566 case-control subjects”. Journal of Personalized Medicine 9 (2022): 1385.
  10. Kenneth Blum., et al. “Determinism v. free will and genetic evidence of addiction in plea bargaining and sentence mitigation conversion of incarceration to probation and rehabilitation based on genetic addiction risk severity (GARS) Test”. MARY'S Law Journal 53.4 (2022).
  11. Blum K., et al. “Exploration of epigenetic state hyperdopaminergia (Surfeit) and genetic trait hypodopaminergia (Deficit) during adolescent brain development”. Current Psychopharmacology 10 (2021).
  12. Blum K., et al. “Reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) surprisingly is evolutionary and found everywhere is it "blowin' in the wind"?” Journal of Personalized Medicine 2 (2022): 321.
  13. Hatoum AS., et al. “Multivariate genome-wide association meta-analysis of over 1 million subjects identifies loci underlying multiple substance use disorders”. Nature Mental Health3 (2023): 210-223.

Kenneth Blum., et al. “Evidence Based Clinical Analytics Supporting the Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) Assessment to Early Identify Probands in Preaddiction” ”. EC Psychology and Psychiatry  13.1 (2024): 01-03.

ECronicon Journal

Our Services

Quick Links

Information

Creative Commons LicenseOpen Access by ECronicon is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Based on a work at www.ecronicon.net