EC Paediatrics

Review Article Volume 14 Issue 2 - 2025

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Urinary Tract Pathogens in Children: Current Clinical Challenges and Therapeutic Perspectives

1*, Zurina Binti Zainudin1, Safwat Hassan Gad2, Melissa Anne Nunis1, Khairoon Nisa Mohamed Nashrudin1 and Mohd Fahmi Bin Ellias1

1Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
 2Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology (AIMST University), Kedah, Malaysia

*Corresponding Author: Mariam Mahmoud Hassan Mahmoud Elmakkawy, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
Received: December 23, 2024; Published: January 06, 2025




Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common infections among children and are the most common proven bacterial infection in febrile infants without localising signs. UTIs are commonly caused by anatomical or functional abnormalities in the kidney and urinary tract The effective management of urinary tract infections has become increasingly difficult due to significant resistance to frequently prescribed antibiotics, such as amino-penicillins, and the rising global prevalence of multi-drug-resistant organisms responsible for these infections.

 Keywords: Urinary Tract Infections; Children; Newborn; Fever; Renal Scarring; Posterior Urethral Valves; Multidrug Resistance; Escherichia coli; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Extended-Spectrum Β-Lactamases; Penicillin; Carbapenems

  1. Watt K., et al. “Changing epidemiology of serious bacterial infections in febrile infants without localizing signs”. PLoS One8 (2010): e12448.
  2. Shaikh N., et al. “Prevalence of urinary tract infection in childhood: a meta-analysis”. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 4 (2008): 302-308.
  3. Ladomenou F., et al. “Incidence and morbidity of urinary tract infection in a prospective cohort of children”. Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics7 (2015): e324-e329.
  4. Stephens GM., et al. “Evaluation and management of urinary tract infections in the school-aged child”. Primary Care 1 (2015): 33-41.
  5. Mangiarotti P., et al. “Antibiotic prophylaxis in children with relapsing urinary tract infections: review”. Journal of Chemotherapy 2 (2000): 115-123.
  6. Sastre JB., et al. “Urinary tract infection in the newborn: clinical and radio imaging studies”. Pediatric Nephrology 10 (2007): 1735-1741.
  7. Bonadio W and Maida G. “Urinary tract infection in outpatient febrile infants younger than 30 days of age: a 10-year evaluation”. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 4 (2014): 342-344.
  8. Banno Y and Sugiyama T. “Predicting factors of clinically significant urological anomalies after initial urinary tract infection among 2- to 24-month-old children”. Acta Paediatrica 6 (2022): 1274-1281.
  9. Akram M., et al. “Etiology and antibiotic resistance patterns of community-acquired urinary tract infections in J N M C Hospital Aligarh, India”. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 6 (2007): 4.
  10. Chakupurakal R., et al. “Urinary tract pathogens and resistance pattern”. Journal of Clinical Pathology 7 (2010): 652-654.
  11. Bell LE and Mattoo TK. “Update on childhood urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux”. Seminars in Nephrology4 (2009): 349-359.
  12. Bryce A., et al. “Global prevalence of antibiotic resistance in paediatric urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli and association with routine use of antibiotics in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis”. British Medical Journal 352 (2016): i939.
  13. Lukac PJ., et al. “Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in children: old foe, emerging threat”. Clinical Infectious Diseases 9 (2015): 1389-1397.
  14. Livni G and Ashkenazi S. “Treatment of resistant bacterial infections in children: thinking inside and outside the box”. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 764 (2013): 123-132.
  15. Ben-Ami R., et al. “A multinational survey of risk Factors for infection with extended-spectrum β-Lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in nonhospitalized patients”. Clinical Infectious Diseases 5 (2009): 682-690.
  16. Madhi F., et al. “Febrile urinary-tract infection due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in children: a French prospective multicenter study”. PLoS One1 (2018): e0190910.
  17. Moxon CA and Paulus S. “Beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae infections in children”. Journal of Information Security 72 (2016): S41-S49.
  18. Diaz A., et al. “Clinical characteristics of Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in ill and colonized children in Colombia”. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 3 (2016): 237-241.
  19. Logan LK., et al. “Analysis of beta-lactamase resistance determinants in Enterobacteriaceae from Chicago children: a multicenter survey”. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 6 (2016): 3462-3469.
  20. Hawkey PM., et al. “Treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria: report of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy/Healthcare Infection Society/British Infection Association Joint Working Party”. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 3 (2018): iii2-iii78.
  21. Khoshnood S., et al. “Drug-resistant gram-negative uropathogens: a review”. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 94 (2017): 982-994.
  22. Delbet JD., et al. “An update on new antibiotic prophylaxis and treatment for urinary tract infections in children”. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 15 (2017): 1619-1625.
  23. Ramirez-Castillo FY., et al. “An evaluation of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates in urinary tract infections from Aguascalientes, Mexico: cross-sectional study”. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 1 (2018): 34.
  24. Dayan N., et al. “Urinary tract infections caused by community-acquired extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and nonproducing bacteria: a comparative study”. Journal of Pediatrics 5 (2013): 1417-1421.
  25. Topaloglu R., et al. “Risk factors in community-acquired urinary tract infections caused by ESBL-producing bacteria in children”. Pediatric Nephrology5 (2010): 919-925.
  26. Raman G., et al. “Multiresistant coli urine infections in children: a case-control study”. Archives of Disease in Childhood 103.4 (2018): 336-340.
  27. Mahony M., et al. “Multidrug-resistant organisms in urinary tract infections in children”. Pediatric Nephrology 9 (2020): 1563-1573.
  28. Esposito S., et al. “Retrospective 8-year study on the antibiotic resistance of uropathogens in children hospitalised for urinary tract infection in the Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy”. Antibiotics 10 (2021): 1207.
  29. Parajuli NP., et al. “High rates of multidrug resistance among uropathogenic Escherichia coli in children and analyses of ESBL producers from Nepal”. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 6 (2017): 9.
  30. Lukac PJ., et al. “Extended-spectrum betalactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in children: old foe, emerging threat”. Clinical Infectious Diseases 9 (2015): 1389-1397.
  31. Perez Heras I., et al. “Community-onset extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in urinary tract infections in children from 2015 to 2016: prevalence, risk factors, and resistances”. Medicine 50 (2017): e8571.

Mariam Mahmoud Hassan Mahmoud Elmakkawy., et al. "Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Urinary Tract Pathogens in Children: Current Clinical Challenges and Therapeutic Perspectives". EC Paediatrics 14.2 (2025): 01-06.

ECronicon Journal

Our Services

Quick Links

Information

Creative Commons LicenseOpen Access by ECronicon is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Based on a work at www.ecronicon.net