EC Orthopaedics

ATP is synthesized by harnessing the energy derived from nutrient metabolism, serving as the fundamental intermediary in bioenergetic processes. Beyond its role in energy transfer, ATP also functions as a signaling molecule, triggering cellular responses to metabolic demands and stress conditions. Additionally, both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that intracellular ATP levels are intricately involved in fundamental cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and programmed cell death.

All living organisms engage in the continuous acquisition of nutrients to extract the energy required for cellular and systemic functions. This notion underscores the pivotal role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary molecular currency through which biochemical energy is stored and utilized in higher organisms. ATP rightly deserves its designation as the "universal energy currency of the cell”.

Let's carefully analyze the role of ATP in different organisms and systems, emphasizing its primary role in the functioning of biological structures.

 Keywords: ATP; Immune-Regulation; Energy; Cellular Patterns; Biological System

1. Bonora M., et al. “ATP synthesis and storage”. Purinergic Signal3 (2012): 343-357.
2. Naviaux RK. “Metabolic features of the cell danger response”. Mitochondrion 16 (2014): 7-17.
3. Burnstock G. “Introduction to purinergic signaling”. Methods in Molecular Biology 2041 (2020): 1-15.
4. Abbracchio MP., et al. “Purinergic signalling in the nervous system: an overview”. Trends in Neurosciences 1 (2009): 19-29.
5. Kazuhide Inoue and Makoto Tsuda. “Nociceptive signaling mediated by P2X3, P2X4 and P2X7 receptors”. Biochemical Pharmacology 187 (2021): 114309.
6. Keisuke Sawada., et al. “Identification of a vesicular nucleotide transporter”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 15 (2008): 5683-5686.
7. Yoshinori Moriyama., et al. “Vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT): appearance of an actress on the stage of purinergic signaling”. Purinergic Signal3 (2017): 387-404.
8. Burnstock G. “Purinergic signalling past, present and future”. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 1 (2009): 3-8.
9. Xu X., et al. “Emerging roles of keratinocytes in nociceptive transduction and regulation”. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 15 (2022): 982202.
10. Salter MW and Stevens B. “Microglia emerge as central players in brain disease”. Nature Medicine 9 (2017): 1018-1027.
11. McMahon SB and Malcangio M. “Current challenges in glia-pain biology”. Neuron1 (2009): 46-54.
12. Tanaka K., et al. “Extracellular ATP acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signal in plants”. Frontiers in Plant Science 5 (2014): 446.
13. Sperlagh B., et al. “ATP released by LPS increases nitric oxide production in raw 264.7 macrophage cell line via P2Z/P2X7 receptors”. Neurochemistry International 3 (1998): 209-215.
14. Sakaki H., et al. “Autocrine regulation of macrophage activation via exocytosis of ATP and activation of P2Y11 receptor”. PLoS One4 (2013): e59778.
15. Yuika Harada., et al. “Vesicular nucleotide transporter mediates ATP release and migration in neutrophils”. Journal of Biological Chemistry 10 (2018): 3770-3779.
16. Hasuzawa N., et al. “Physiopathological roles of vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT), an essential component for vesicular ATP release”. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes 12 (2020): 183408.
17. Farmer MA., et al. “Repeated vulvovaginal fungal infections cause persistent pain in a mouse model of vulvodynia”. Science Translational Medicine 101 (2011): 101ra91.
18. Maruyama K., et al. “The ATP Transporter VNUT Mediates Induction of Dectin-1-Triggered Candida Nociception”. I Science 6 (2018): 306-318.
19. Burnstock G. “Purinergic mechanisms and pain”. Advances in Pharmacology 75 (2016): 91-137.
20. Burnstock G and Novak I. “Purinergic signalling in the pancreas in health and disease”. Journal of Endocrinology 2 (2012): 123-141.
21. Vaughn BP., et al. “Pathological roles of purinergic signaling in the liver”. Journal of Hepatology 4 (2012): 916-920.
22. Tatsushima K., et al. “Vesicular ATP release from hepatocytes plays a role in the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis”. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease3 (2021): 166013.
23. Andersson KE. “Purinergic signalling in the urinary bladder”. Autonomic Neuroscience 191 (2015): 78-81.
24. Takezawa K., et al. “Urothelial ATP signaling: what is its role in bladder sensation?” Neurourology and Urodynamics 4 (2017): 966-972.
25. Korchazhkina O., et al. “Intravascular ATP and coronary vasodilation in the isolated working rat heart”. British Journal of Pharmacology 3 (1999): 701-708.
26. Beard DA., et al. “Reduced cardiac muscle power with low ATP simulating heart failure”. Biophysical Journal 17 (2022): 3213-3223.
27. Cisneros-Mejorado A., et al. “ATP signaling in brain: release, excitotoxicity and potential therapeutic targets”. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 1 (2015): 1-6.
28. Lezmy J. “How astrocytic ATP shapes neuronal activity and brain circuits”. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 79 (2023): 102685.
29. Mundt N., et al. “Purinergic signaling in spermatogenesis”. Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne) 13 (2022): 867011.
30. Gelain DP., et al. “Extracellular purines from cells of seminiferous tubules”. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry1-2 (2003): 1-9.
31. David Fleck., et al. “ATP activation of peritubular cells drives testicular sperm transport”. eLife 10 (2021): e62885.