EC Orthopaedics

Bone grafts are used in various medical situations to enhance the healing and regrowth of bones [1]. The current clinical treatments for bone repair and regeneration, such as autografts and allografts, have been found to have significant drawbacks, limitations, and complications. Autografts are currently considered the best option for bone grafts due to their compatibility with the patient's own tissue and lack of immune response, as well as their ability to provide all the necessary properties for bone regeneration [2,3]. Nevertheless, autografts necessitate the extraction of bone from the patient's iliac crest, which entails an additional surgical procedure. Moreover, these autologous bone transplants are associated with high costs [4,5].

1. Amini Ami R., et al. “Bone tissue engineering: recent advances and challenges”. Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering5 (2012): 363-408.
2. Dimitriou R., et al. “Bone regeneration: current concepts and future directions”. BMC Medicine66 (2011).
3. Oryan A., et al. “Bone regenerative medicine: classic options, novel strategies, and future directions”. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research18 (2014).
4. Oryan A., et al. “Bone injury and fracture healing biology”. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences1 (2015): 57-71.
5. Oryan A., et al. “Platelet-rich plasma for bone healing and regeneration”. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy2 (2016): 213-232.
6. Moshiri A., et al. “An overview on bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: current challenges, future directions and strategies”. Journal of Sports Medicine and Doping Studies2 (2015).
7. Bigham-Sadegh A., et al. “Bone tissue engineering with periosteal-free graft and pedicle omentum”. ANZ Journal of Surgery4 (2013): 255-261.
8. Oryan A., et al. “Current concerns regarding healing of bone defects”. Hard Tissue2 (2013): 13.
9. Janmohammadi M., et al. “Cellulose-based composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering and localized drug delivery”. Bioactive Materials 20 (2023): 137-163.
10. Moghadam ET., et al. “Current natural bioactive materials in bone and tooth regeneration in dentistry: a comprehensive overview”. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 13 (2021): 2078-2114.
11. Reddy MSB., et al. “A comparative review of natural and synthetic biopolymer composite scaffolds”. Polymers7 (2021): 1105.
12. Aravamudhan A., et al. “Cellulose and collagen derived micro-nano structured scaffolds for bone tissue engineering”. Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology4 (2013): 719-731.
13. Nishiyama Y., et al. “Crystal structure and hydrogen-bonding system in cellulose Ibeta from synchrotron X-ray and neutron fiber diffraction”. Journal of the American Chemical Society31 (2002): 9074-9082.
14. Jacob S., et al. “Nanocellulose in tissue engineering and bioremediation: mechanism of action”. Bioengineered5 (2022): 12823-12833.
15. Huang C., et al. “Bio-inspired nanocomposite by layer-by-layer coating of chitosan/hyaluronic acid multilayers on a hard nanocellulose-hydroxyapatite matrix”. Carbohydrate Polymers 222 (2019): 115036.
16. Reshmy R., et al. “Nanocellulose as green material for remediation of hazardous heavy metal contaminants”. Journal of Hazardous MaterialsPtB (2022): 127516.
17. Luo H., et al. “Advances in tissue engineering of nanocellulose-based scaffolds: A review”. Carbohydrate Polymers 224 (2019): 115144.
18. Saska S., et al. “Bacterial cellulose-collagen nanocomposite for bone tissue engineering”. Journal of Materials Chemistry 22 (2012): 22102-22112.
19. Zhang Y., et al. “Application of nanocellulose-based aerogels in bone tissue engineering: current trends and outlooks”. Polymers10 (2023): 2323.
20. Seyedi Z., et al. “Icariin: a promising natural product in biomedicine and tissue engineering”. Journal of Functional Biomaterials1 (2023): 44.
21. Qin L., et al. “Preparation, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of resveratrol-loaded cellulose aerogel”. Materials7 (2020): 1624.