EC Orthopaedics

Review Article Volume 14 Issue 3 - 2023

Internet of Things (IoT) Towards Specialty-Specific Internet of Orthopaedic Things (IOT): The Evolution and Applications of Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)

Muhammad I Hanif1*, Linta Iftikhar2 and Muhammad Feras Iftikhar2

1The Department of Orthopaedics, Rawalpindi Medical University, Pakistan

2School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, New Jersey, United States

*Corresponding Author: Muhammad I Hanif, The Department of Orthopaedics, Rawalpindi Medical University, Pakistan.
Received: February 27, 2023; Published: March 13, 2023



The increasing use of IoT in the medical field necessitates the adoption of specialized terminology, such as the "Internet of Orthopedic Things (IOT)" to accurately describe and distinguish this specific area of application. The IOT is a rapidly growing field that combines orthopedic devices with internet connectivity and data analytics. This review paper provides an overview of the IOT, including its definition, components, and applications in orthopedic healthcare with special focus on its classification. The IOT has the potential to revolutionize the way orthopedic healthcare is delivered by providing real-time monitoring, personalized treatment, and remote care. Different IOT devices, including smart implants, wearable sensors, and mobile applications, and their use in orthopedic diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation have been discussed. It aims to serve as a valuable resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers seeking to gain insight into the IOT and its potential impact on orthopedic healthcare.

Keywords: Internet of Things; Internet of Medical Things; The Internet of Health Things; Internet of Orthopaedic Things; Technology in Health

  1. “ChatGPT”. Chat.openai (2023).
  2. “Wikiwand - Technological Revolution”. Wikiwand (2022).
  3. Strømmen-Bakhtiar Abbas. “Digital Economy, Business Models, and Cloud Computing”. Global Virtual Enterprises in Cloud Computing Environments (2019): 19-44.
  4. World Economic Forum. “What the Fifth Industrial Revolution Is and Why It Matters”. The European Sting - Critical News and Insights on European Politics, Economy, Foreign Affairs, Business and Technology - Europeansting (2019).
  5. Schwab Klaus. “The Fourth Industrial Revolution”. Foreign Affairs (2015).
  6. Hanif Muhammad Iftikhar and Linta Iftikhar. “Post COVID-19 Industrial Revolution 5.0. The Dawn of Cobot, Chipbot and Curbot”. Pakistan Journal of Surgery and Medicine 2 (2020): 122-126.
  7. McGinnis Devon. What Is the Fourth Industrial Revolution? (2023).
  8. Tsaramirsis Georgios., et al. “A Modern Approach towards an Industry 4.0 Model: From Driving Technologies to Management”. Journal of Sensors (2022): 1-18.
  9. Vanderbilt Engineering Graduate Admissions Team. “What Is the Difference between CPS and IoT?” Blog.engineering.vanderbilt (2023).
  10. Desai Rajiv. “INTERNET of THINGS (IoT) – Dr Rajiv Desai”. (2023).
  11. Zhang Wei Emma., et al. “The 10 Research Topics in the Internet of Things”. IEEE Xplore (2022).
  12. Lueth, Knud Lasse. “Why It Is Called Internet of Things: Definition, History, Disambiguation”. Iot-Analytics (2019).
  13. Morgan Jacob. “A Simple Explanation of “the Internet of Things”.” Forbes (2014).
  14. Mulloni Viviana and Massimo Donelli. “Chipless RFID Sensors for the Internet of Things: Challenges and Opportunities”. Sensors7 (2020): 2135.
  15. Sadek Ibrahim., et al. “Security and Privacy in the Internet of Things Healthcare Systems: Toward a Robust Solution in Real-Life Deployment”. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine Update 1 (2022): 100071.
  16. Haleem Abid., et al. “Internet of Things (IoT) Applications in Orthopaedics”. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma 11 (2020): S105-S106.
  17. Rabault Nicolas. “StackPath”. Www.electronicdesign.com (2022).
  18. Kalluri Balaji., et al. “The Concept of Smartness in Cyber–Physical Systems and Connection to Urban Environment”. Annual Reviews in Control (2020).
  19. Greer Christopher., et al. “Cyber-Physical Systems and Internet of Things”. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 202 (2019).
  20. Rauch Erwin., et al. “Anthropocentric Perspective of Production before and within Industry 4.0”. Computers and Industrial Engineering (2019).
  21. Clark Jen. “What Is M2M Technology, and How Does It Affect Our Daily Lives?” Internet of Things Blog (2016).
  22. Grand View Research Inc. “IoT in Healthcare Market Worth $534.3 Billion by 2025 | CAGR: 19.9%”. (2019).
  23. Kalis Brian and Ronan Wisdom. “A Salubrious Market - CEO Magazine North America”. (2020).
  24. Frehn Jacob. “Why the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) Needs Better Security”. Portnox (2023).
  25. Ray Partha Pratim. “Internet of Robotic Things: Concept, Technologies, and Challenges”. IEEE Access 4 (2016): 9489-9500.
  26. Buford Tiger. “Disruptive Trend in Orthopedics – the Smart Implant Revolution -”. (2023).
  27. Dwivedi Ruby., et al. “Potential of Internet of Medical Things (IOMT) Applications in Building a Smart Healthcare System: A Systematic Review”. Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research 2 (2021).
  28. Misic Dragan., et al. “Real-Time Monitoring of Bone Fracture Recovery by Using Aware, Sensing, Smart, and Active Orthopedic Devices”. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 6 (2018): 4466-4473.
  29. Duffy Jim. “8 Internet Things That Are Not IoT”. Network World (2023).
  30. Nayudu Kamalesh. “Role of Smartphones in the IoT Era”. Bridgera (2019).
  31. Korduba Laryssa A., et al. “Radio Frequency Identification as a Testbed for Integration of Low Frequency Radio Frequency Sensors into Orthopedic Implants”. Journal of Medical Devices 1 (2013).
  32. Ledet Eric H., et al. “Smart Implants in Orthopedic Surgery, Improving Patient Outcomes: A Review”. Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Health 5 (2018): 41-51.
  33. Merle Géraldine., et al. “Sensor Technology Usage in Orthopedic Trauma”. Injury 53 (2022): S59-S63.
  34. MacGillivray Carrie and Michael Shirer. “The Internet of Things Is Poised to Change Everything, Says IDC”. (2013).
  35. Iyengar Karthikeyan P., et al. “Significant Capabilities of SMART Sensor Technology and Their Applications for Industry 4.0 in Trauma and Orthopaedics”. Sensors International 3 (2022): 100163.
  36. Park Cheol Hee and Sang Jun Song. “Sensor-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Narrative Review”. Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery 1 (2021): 1.
  37. Detchemendy Paul. “First Ever Knee Replacement with “Smart” Implant Enables Remote Patient Monitoring”. Canary Medical (2021).
  38. Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS). “First Ever Knee Replacement with “Smart” Implant Enables Remote Patient Monitoring”. First Ever Knee Replacement with “Smart” Implant Enables Remote Patient Monitoring (2021).
  39. Kim Sihyong J., et al. “SMART” Implantable Devices for Spinal Implants: A Systematic Review on Current and Future Trends”. Journal of Spine Surgery 1 (2022): 117-131.
  40. Theken Randy. “Theken Disc”. Next Step (2004).
  41. Cole Christopher P and Richard R Navarro. “EDisc: The First Artificial Spinal Disc with Integral Force-Sensing Microelectronics”. ASME 2007 2nd Frontiers in Biomedical Devices (2007).
  42. Mahirogullari Mahir., et al. “Noninvasive Technique to Monitor the Pressure under a Cast: A Mobile Application-Friendly Bluetooth Pressure Sensor”. International Journal of Clinical Practice (2022): 1-6.
  43. Carbaugh Keri. “FDA Grants de Novo Review to LOADPRO Spine Sensor”. Fdahealthnews (2023).
  44. Eisner Walter. ““First-Ever” de Novo Approval for LOADPRO Spinal Rod Strain Sensor | Orthopedics This Week”. Ryortho (2019).
  45. Berger Lee. Wireless Tags Provide Details of Orthopedic Implants (2011).
  46. “What Is Nanobots and Its Biggest Contribution in the Medical Industry”. Robots (2019).
  47. Bisset Jennifer. “Nanobots Can Now Swarm like Fish to Perform Complex Medical Tasks”. Cnet 3 (2019).
  48. Stems Cells and Nanorobots for Fractures - Brigham and Women’s Hospital”. 2015 (2023).
  49. Behm Carly. “As Neuralink Aims for Human Trials, 3 Spine Surgeons Weigh in on Practicality”. (2023).
  50. Ericsson Consumer Lab. “ConsumerLab Report on Wearable Technology and IoT – Ericsson”. Ericsson (2019).
  51. “How to Use the MY01 Monitor as a Diagnostic Aid to Avoid Surgical Site Infections”. Trauma System News (2023).
  52. Merle Geraldine., et al. “Comparison of Three Devices to Measure Pressure for Acute Compartment Syndrome”. Military Medicine 1 (2020): 77-81.
  53. Park Jungwhan. “A Smart Walker That Reduces Falls and Injuries”. Theses scholarworks (2022).
  54. Moslemi Navid., et al. “A Novel Smart Assistive Knee Brace Incorporated with Shape Memory Alloy Wire Actuator”. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 13 (2020): 1543-1556.
  55. Mo Yepei., et al. “Tuning the Light Emission of a Si Micropillar Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Device Array with the Strain Coupling Effect”. NPG Asia Materials 1 (2022): 1-9.
  56. Tao Juan., et al. “Real-Time Pressure Mapping Smart Insole System Based on a Controllable Vertical Pore Dielectric Layer”. Microsystems and Nanoengineering 1 (2020).
  57. com. “9 of the Best Back Braces” (2023).
  58. De Agustín Del Burgo., et al. “Development of a Smart Splint to Monitor Different Parameters during the Treatment Process”. Sensors 15 (2020): 4207.
  59. Ueda Thomas Akira and Luciano Vieira de Araújo. “Virtual Walking Stick: Mobile Application to Assist Visually Impaired People to Walking Safely”. Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Aging and Assistive Environments (2014): 803-813.
  60. Jonathan and Maxwell Tolstedt. “Virtual Walking Stick for the Visually Impaired”. Contest (2012).
  61. Lalwani Mona. “The Smartcane Alerts Your Family in Case of a Fall”. Engadget (2017).
  62. Jähne-Raden Nico., et al. “INBED: A Highly Specialized System for Bed-Exit-Detection and Fall Prevention on a Geriatric Ward”. Sensors5 (2019): 1017.
  63. Bai Xia., et al. “Application of Infusion Control System Based on Internet of Things Technology in Joint Orthopedics Nursing Work”. Journal of Healthcare Engineering (2021): 1-11.
  64. Yu Dengjie., et al. “Applications of Nanogenerator-Based Wearable Devices in Orthopedics”. Nano Energy 103 (2022): 107762.
  65. Malvade Payal S., et al. “IoT Based Monitoring of Foot Pressure Using FSR Sensor”. IEEE Xplore 1 (2017).
  66. Javaid Mohd and Ibrahim Haleem Khan. “Internet of Things (IoT) Enabled Healthcare Helps to Take the Challenges of COVID-19 Pandemic”. Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research 2 (2021): 209-214.
  67. Suhy Adam. “Patent Granted for Implant/Instrument Tracking System | Orthopedics This Week”. Ryortho (2023).
  68. Summate Technologies Inc. “Digital Orthopedic Implant Trays Solve Huge Problems for Device Industry”. Summate Technologies (2023).
  69. Russey Cathy. OrthoSensor and McLaren Applied Partners | Wearable Technologies (2020).
  70. Çoban Gizem and Faruk AKTAŞ. “IoT-Based Motion Tracking System for Orthopedic Patients and Athletes”. IEEE Xplore (2023).
  71. Chahal Deepak and Latika Kharb. “Smart Diagnosis of Orthopaedic Disorders Using Internet of Things (IoT)”. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 6 (2019): 215-220.
  72. Ortho-tag.com. “Home”. Ortho-Tag (2023).
  73. Fidanza Andrea., et al. “3D Printing Applications in Orthopaedic Surgery: Clinical Experience and Opportunities”. Applied Sciences 7 (2022): 3245.
  74. Fatima Shaiba., et al. “Exploring the Significant Applications of Internet of Things (IoT) with 3D Printing Using Advanced Materials in Medical Field”. Materials Today: Proceedings 45 (2021): 4844-4851.
  75. D’Amelio Andrea., et al. “3D-Printed Patient Specific Instruments for Corrective Osteotomies of the Lower Extremity”. Injury 53 (2022): S53-S58.
  76. Olczak J., et al. “Artificial intelligence for analyzing orthopedic trauma radiographs”. Acta Orthopaedica 6 (2017): 581-586.
  77. Chung SW., et al. “Automated detection and classification of the proximal humerus fracture by using deep learning algorithm”. Acta Orthopaedica 4 (2018): 468-473.
  78. Audigé L., et al. “How reliable are reliability studies of fracture classifications? A systematic review of their methodologies”. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 2 (2004): 184-194.
  79. Shehovych A., et al. “Adult distal radius fractures classification systems: essential clinical knowledge or abstract memory testing?” Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 8 (2016): 525-531.
  80. Tiulpin A., et al. “Multimodal Machine Learning-based Knee Osteoarthritis Progression Prediction from Plain Radiographs and Clinical Data”. Scientific Reports 1 (2019): 20038.
  81. Gregory TM., et al. “Surgery guided by mixed reality: presentation of a proof of concept”. Acta Orthopaedica 5 (2018): 480-483.
  82. Lavallée S., et al. “Building a hybrid patient’s model for augmented reality in surgery: A registration problem”. Computers in Biology and Medicine 2 (1995): 149-164.
  83. Mirjalali Sheyda., et al. “Wearable Sensors for Remote Health Monitoring: Potential Applications for Early Diagnosis of Covid‐19”. Advanced Materials Technologies 3 (2021): 2100545.
  84. Kelmers Edgars., et al. “Smart Knee Implants: An Overview of Current Technologies and Future Possibilities”. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics (2022).
  85. Dimitrov Dimiter V. “Medical Internet of Things and Big Data in Healthcare”. Healthcare Informatics Research 3 (2016): 156.
  86. Landymore Frank. “Scientists Working on Third Arm You Control Using Your Brain”. Futurism 5 (2023).
  87. Cecil J., et al. “An IoMT Based Cyber Training Framework for Orthopedic Surgery Using next Generation Internet Technologies”. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked 1 (2018): 128-137.
  88. Cecil J., et al. “A Cyber Training Framework for Orthopedic Surgery”. Cogent Medicine 1 (2017): 1419792.
  89. Entis Laura. “This Startup Is Bringing 3-D Printed Insoles to the NBA and the Everyday Consumer”. Entrepreneur (2015).
  90. Gustke Constance. “Your next Pair of Shoes Could Come from a 3-D Printer”. The New York Times (2016).
  91. Mariappan Muralindran., et al. “Safety System and Navigation for Orthopaedic Robot (OTOROB)”. Intelligent Robotics and Applications (2011): 358-367.
  92. Iftikhar Muhammad., et al. “OTOROB: Robot for Orthopaedic Surgeon - Roboscope: Non-Interventional Medical Robot for Telerounding”. 2011 5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (2011).
  93. Arnone Joshua C., et al. “Simulation-Based Design of Orthopedic Trauma Implants”. Biomedical and Biotechnology Engineering 2 (2010).
  94. Ospitek Inc. “Ospitek Inc. announces partnership with Spine Center Atlanta to implement IoT and AI enabled patient pathway and facility management tools”. PRWeb (2022).
  95. Linta Iftikhar., et al. “DocGPT: Impact of ChatGPT-3 on Health Services as a Virtual Doctor”. EC Paediatrics 3 (2023): 45-55.

Muhammad I Hanif., et al. “Internet of Things (IoT) Towards Specialty-Specific Internet of Orthopaedic Things (IOT): The Evolution and Applications of Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)”. EC Orthopaedics 14.3 (2023): 37-51.