1Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel 2Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran 3Center for Advanced Spine Care of Southern Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 4Advanced Orthopedics, Altamonte Springs, FL. On Behalf of the International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery, USA 5Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA 6Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA 7Brain and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA 8Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, and Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA 9Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA, USA 10Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurologia, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 11Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, United States 12Division of Personalized Genomics, The Blum Institute of Behavior and Neurogenetics, LLC, Austin, Texas, USA 13Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 14Advanced Pain Modalities, 2320 W Peoria Ave, Building C, Suite 102, Phoenix, AZ, USA 15Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Midland, TX, USA
Globally, women consistently outlive men, regardless of cultural or societal factors. This survival advantage holds true even in times of crisis such as famines or pandemics, underscoring that female longevity and neuroprotection are likely rooted in biology rather than environment alone. In every cell, men carry one X chromosome-always inherited from their mother-and one Y chromosome from their father. Women, by contrast, possess two X chromosomes, one from each parent. However, only one X chromosome is active in any given female cell, due to a biological process known as X inactivation, in which one X effectively shuts down its expression Mice limited to maternal X expression showed signs of accelerated brain aging and significant cognitive decline. In comparison to their wild-type, mosaic littermates, these mice performed poorly in maze-based tasks, exhibiting impaired learning ability and diminished memory retention with age. In comparison to their wild-type, mosaic littermates, these mice performed poorly in maze-based tasks, exhibiting impaired learning ability and diminished memory retention with age. Understanding these concepts, the RDS Consortium performed in silico pharmacogenomic (PGx) analyses to investigate the roles of sex chromosomes in pre-addiction susceptibility, with a focus on sex-specific genetic expression. Data from the RDS Consortium highlight notable sex-based distinctions in pre-addiction vulnerability, with the Y chromosome appearing to elevate addiction risk in males, while the X chromosome may offer neuroprotective benefits in females.
Keywords: X and Y Chromosomes; Risk Vs Nurture; Dopaminergic Pathways; Cognition; Aging
Kenneth Blum., et al. “The Y Chromosome Increases Risk, and the X Chromosome Exerts Nurture”. EC Neurology 17.7 (2025): 01-10.
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