Review Article Volume 17 Issue 10 - 2025

Proposing the Diagnostic Age Print [DAP]™ Map for Prevention and Mental Healthcare Management for the Aging Complex Patient

Kenneth Blum1-5,21*, Eric R Braverman5, Nicholas DiNubile5**, Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski3,5-6,20, Kavya Mohankumar5, Panayotis K Thanos7, Alireza Sharafshah8, Igor Elman9, Catherine Dennen10, David Baron1,11, Chynna Fliegelman12,  Edward J Modestino13, Alexander PL Lewandowski14, Mark S Gold15, Abdalla Bowirrat2, Albert Pinhasov2,  Yatharth Mahajan5, Shaurya Mahajan5, Milan Makale16, Debasis Bagchi17,18, Siddharth Karthikeya19, Keerthy Sunder1,19,20, Sergio Luis Schmidt21, Rossano Kepler Alvim Fiorelli21 and Rajendra D Badgaiyan22

1Center for Sports and Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA

2Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel

33ivision of Personalized Pain Mechanisms, Center for Advanced Spine Care of Southern Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

4Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

5Division of Reward Deficiency Syndrome, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX, USA

6Department of Orthopaedics, Fundación Universitaria Sanitas, Bogotá, DC, Colombia and Department of Medicine, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA

7Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA

8Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

9Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA

10Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA, USA

11Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA

12Department of Psychology, St. John’s University, Brain and Behavior Laboratory, Queens, NY, USA

13Brain and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA

14Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

15Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

16Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

17Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Adelphi University and Department of Psychology, Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA.

18Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Southern University, Houston, TX, USA.

19Division of Personalized neuromodulation, Karma Doctors and Karma TMS, and Suder Foundation, Palm Springs, CA, USA

20Department of Medicine, University of California, Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA

21Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurologia, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

22Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences School of Medicine, Midland, TX, USA

*Corresponding Author: Kenneth Blum, Center for Sports and Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.
Received: September 01, 2025; Published: September 22, 2025



Each year, tobacco related use accounts for approximately 430,000 deaths, while heart disease claims around 630,000 lives in United States. Cancer contributes to another 600,000 deaths annually. Together with cerebrovascular disease, chronic lower respiratory diseases, unintentional injuries, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease these conditions constitute the seven leading causes of mortality in the United States, with prevalence rates increasing significantly with age. For example, over 83% of individuals who die from coronary artery disease are 65 years or older. Age is a major determinant of life-threatening diseases and illnesses, emphasizing the need for early detection and comprehensive management. Overcoming silent and hidden diseases by unifying whole body (holistic) diagnostic approach (head to toe) utilizing electrophysiological, endocrine, genetic, neurochemical and molecular evaluation seems prudent in light of these statistics concerning. To combat this pressing health challenges dilemma, we hereby propose a new paradigm shift involving the development and implementation of a novel “Diagnostic Age Print (DAP™) map.  This innovative tool aims to prevent premature fatalities and optimize the management of complex aging patients. By enabling a systematic, comprehensive evaluation within a single primary care physician’s office, the DAP™ map has the potential to reduce the need for multiple specialists’ visits, streamlining care and improving patients’ outcomes. 

 Keywords: Diagnostic Age Print [DAP]™ Map; Mental Healthcare Management; Aging Complex Patient

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Tobacco use among adults—United States, 2005”. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 42 (2006): 1145-1148.
  2. Schiller JS and Norris T. “Early Release of Selected Estimates Based on Data From the 2022 National Health Interview Survey”. National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD (2023).
  3. CDC WONDER Online Database (2023).
  4. Kratzer TB., et al. “Lung cancer statistics, 2023”. Cancer8 (2024): 1330-1348.
  5. United States Census Bureau. “United States and world population clock” (2023).
  6. Mendez D and Warner KE. “The relative risk of death for former smokers: the influence of age and years quit”. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (2004).
  7. Walser T., et al. “Smoking and lung cancer: the role of inflammation”. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 8 (2008): 811-815.
  8. Arrieta O., et al. “Facing an un-met need in lung cancer screening: The never smokers”. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 202 (2024): 104436.
  9. Baillet E., et al. “Making alcohol and tobacco preventable deaths truly preventable! Addiction as a modifiable risk factor for alcohol and tobacco preventable mortality”. Archives of Public Health 1 (2024): 167.
  10. Chong B., et al. “Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: projections from 2025 to 2050”. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 11 (2024): 1001-1015.
  11. Bray F., et al. “Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries”. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 3 (2024): 229-263.
  12. Boyd CM., et al. “Clinical practice guidelines and quality of care for older patients with multiple comorbid diseases: implications for pay for performance”. Journal of the American Medical Association 6 (2005): 716-724.
  13. Rufini V and Shulkin B. “The evolution in the use of MIBG in more than 25 years of experimental and clinical applications”. Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 4 (2008): 341-350.
  14. Rodriguez-Colman MJ., et al. “FOXO transcription factors as mediators of stress adaptation”. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 1 (2024): 46-64.
  15. Braverman Eric and Younger You. New York: McGraw Hill (2007).
  16. Tian YE., et al. “Heterogeneous aging across multiple organ systems and prediction of chronic disease and mortality”. Nature Medicine 5 (2023): 1221-1231.
  17. Prattichizzo F., et al. “Organ-specific biological clocks: A genotyping for personalized anti-aging medicine”. Ageing Research Reviews 96 (2024): 102253.
  18. Gaspar-Silva F., et al. “Ageing in the brain: mechanisms and rejuvenating strategies”. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 7 (2023): 190.
  19. Castro-Portuguez R and Sutphin GL. “Kynurenine pathway, NAD+ synthesis, and mitochondrial function: Targeting tryptophan metabolism to promote longevity and healthspan”. Experimental Gerontology 132 (2020): 110841.
  20. Childs BG., et al. “Senescence and apoptosis: dueling or complementary cell fates?” EMBO Reports 11 (2014): 1139-1153.
  21. Fischer B., et al. “The evolution of age dependent plasticity”. The American Naturalist 1 (2014): 108-125.
  22. Goeminne LJE., et al. “Plasma protein-based organ-specific aging and mortality models unveil diseases as accelerated aging of organismal systems”. Cell Metabolism 1 (2024): 205-222.e6.
  23. da Silva PFL and Schumacher B. “DNA damage responses in ageing”. Open Biology 11 (2019): 190168.
  24. Katcher HL. “Towards an evidence-based model of aging”. Current Aging Science 1 (2015): 46-55.
  25. Ren LL., et al. “TGF-β as a master regulator of aging-associated tissue fibrosis”. Aging and Disease 5 (2023): 1633-1650.
  26. Mau T and Yung R. “Adipose tissue inflammation in aging”. Experimental Gerontology 105 (2018): 27-31.
  27. Soria-Valles C and López-Otín C. “iPSCs: On the road to reprogramming aging”. Trends in Molecular Medicine 8 (2016): 713-724.
  28. Oliviero G., et al. “Distinct and diverse chromatin proteomes of ageing mouse organs reveal protein signatures that correlate with physiological functions”. Elife 11 (2022): e73524.
  29. Moiseeva V., et al. “Context-dependent roles of cellular senescence in normal, aged, and disease states”. FEBS Journal 5 (2023): 1161-1185.
  30. Madreiter-Sokolowski CT., et al. “Targeting mitochondria to counteract age-related cellular dysfunction”. Genes (Basel) 3 (2018): 165.
  31. Wang IK., et al. “Prognostic value of acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II and organ system failure in patients with acute renal failure requiring dialysis”. Renal Failure 6 (2005): 663-669.
  32. Polpitiya AD., et al. “Using systems biology to simplify complex disease: immune cartography”. Critical Care Medicine 1 (2009): S16-S21.
  33. Grondin R., et al. “GDNF revisited: A novel mammalian cell-derived variant form of GDNF increases dopamine turnover and improves brain biodistribution”. Neuropharmacology 147 (2019): 28-36.
  34. Thathiah A and De Strooper B. “G protein-coupled receptors, cholinergic dysfunction, and Abeta toxicity in Alzheimer's disease”. Science Signaling 93 (2009): re8.
  35. Blasi G., et al. “Functional variation of the dopamine D2 receptor gene is associated with emotional control as well as brain activity and connectivity during emotion processing in humans”. Journal of Neuroscience 47 (2009): 14812-14819.
  36. Stice E., et al. “Relation between obesity and blunted striatal response to food is moderated by TaqIA A1 allele”. Science5900 (2008): 449-452.
  37. Stice E., et al. “Weight gain is associated with reduced striatal response to palatable food”. Journal of Neuroscience 39 (2010): 13105-13109.
  38. Sullivan SS and Guilleminault C. “Emerging drugs for insomnia: new frontiers for old and novel targets”. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 3 (2009): 411-422.
  39. Braverman ER and Blum K. “Substance use disorder exacerbates brain electrophysiological abnormalities in a psychiatrically-ill population”. Clinical EEG (Electroencephalography) 4 (1996): 5-27.
  40. Blum K., et al. “GWAS & pharmacogenomics analyses map dopaminergic genetic pathway(s) to the fountain of youth”. Presented at USG neurological summit, Frankfurt, Germany (2025).
  41. Chen TJ., et al. “Neurogenetics and clinical evidence for the putative activation of the brain reward circuitry by a neuroadaptagen: proposing an addiction candidate gene panel map”. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 2 (2011): 108-127.
  42. Subtil F and Rabilloud M. “Robust non-linear mixed modelling of longitudinal PSA levels after prostate cancer treatment”. Statistics in Medicine 5 (2010): 573-587.
  43. Soares HD., et al. “Identifying early markers of Alzheimer's disease using quantitative multiplex proteomic immunoassay panels”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1180 (2009): 56-67.
  44. Martoni AA., et al. “Early (18)F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography may identify a subset of patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer who will not respond optimally to preoperative chemotherapy”. Cancer4 (2010): 805-813.
  45. Villemagne VL., et al. “High striatal amyloid beta-peptide deposition across different autosomal Alzheimer disease mutation types”. Archives of Neurology 12 (2009): 1537-1544.
  46. “Risk factors and coronary heart disease”. American Heart Association (2010).
  47. Braverman ER., et al. “From brain science to brain based medicine”. Medical Hypotheses 5 (2004): 919-920.

Kenneth Blum., et al. “Proposing the Diagnostic Age Print [DAP]™ Map for Prevention and Mental Healthcare Management for the Aging Complex Patient”. EC Neurology  17.10 (2025): 01-10.