EC Neurology

Clinical depression is a multifaceted disorder characterized by various neurobiological alterations, including dysregulation of intracellular signaling pathways. Neurotrophic growth factors such as Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF), and Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF). These factors are pivotal in neurogenesis, neuronal survival, and synaptic plasticity, all crucial for maintaining emotional and cognitive functions. Various receptor systems, including serotonin receptors, dopamine receptors, GABA receptors, and purinergic receptors, play critical roles in the pathophysiology of depression. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, particularly the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, has been extensively studied for its involvement in mood regulation and the efficacy of antidepressant treatments. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB) is a well-established transcription factor implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. Collectively, these pathway elements are implicated in the etiology of clinical depression.

 Keywords: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF); Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF); Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)

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