EC Neurology

Review Article Volume 17 Issue 4 - 2025

Growth Factors, Cell Receptors, Intracellular Kinases, and Transcription Factors Associated with Clinical Anxiety

AJ Russo1*, Albert Mensah2 and Judith Bowman2

1Visiting Professor, Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY and Research Director, Mensah Research Institute, Warrenville, Il, USA 2Mensah Research Institute, Warrenville, Il, USA

*Corresponding Author: AJ Russo, Visiting Professor, Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY and Research Director, Mensah Research Institute, Warrenville, Il, USA.
Received: December 16, 2024; Published: March 11, 2025



Clinical anxiety is a prevalent mental health condition characterized by excessive fear and worry that can significantly impair daily functioning. Growth factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), have been implicated in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. Cell receptors, such as Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptors, mediate the actions of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that are crucial in regulating mood and anxiety responses. At the molecular level, intracellular kinases play a pivotal role in modulating the neural circuits associated with anxiety. Among these kinases, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), particularly the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), and transcription factors, such as the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) play a crucial role in regulating gene expression related to stress responses, emotional regulation, and neuroplasticity and may be associated with the etiology of anxiety. This report summarizes some of the major growth factors, cell receptors, intracellular kinases, and transcription factors that may be associated with the etiology of clinical anxiety.

 Keywords: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF); Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF); Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF); Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH); Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs); Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases (ERK1/2); cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein (CREB)

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AJ Russo., et al. “Growth Factors, Cell Receptors, Intracellular Kinases, and Transcription Factors Associated with Clinical Anxiety”. EC Neurology  17.4 (2025): 01-09.

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