EC Microbiology

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a critical global health challenge, with over 1.27 million deaths annually attributed directly to multidrug-resistant infections. The World Health Organization (WHO) and other international bodies have highlighted the escalating threat of AMR, which disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). If left unaddressed, AMR could result in 10 million annual deaths by 2050 and cause significant economic losses, potentially up to $100 trillion globally.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to explore the biological mechanisms that drive AMR, the key factors contributing to its spread, and the global health implications. It also outlines current global responses and offers recommendations for addressing the crisis.

Main Body: AMR is driven by genetic mutations and the horizontal transfer of resistance genes, accelerated by the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in healthcare, agriculture, and environmental contamination. The global health implications are severe, with the rise of untreatable infections leading to prolonged hospital stays, higher mortality, and increased healthcare costs. Vulnerable populations, such as neonates and immunocompromised individuals, are disproportionately impacted. Efforts to combat AMR must adopt a One Health approach, integrating human, animal, and environmental health strategies. Key global responses include WHO's Global Action Plan and National Action Plans, which emphasize surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship, and research into new antibiotics and diagnostics.

Conclusion: Urgent global action is required to mitigate AMR's devastating effects on public health and economies. Future efforts must prioritize innovation in drug development, improved diagnostic tools, and robust AMR surveillance systems. Coordinated international collaboration, alongside national policy reforms, is essential for a sustainable solution to this global threat.

 Keywords: Antimicrobial Resistance; Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens; One Health Approach; Global Health Security; Antibiotic Stewardship

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