EC Microbiology

Objectives: To examine how climate change affects global food systems, with a focus on food security, dietary patterns, and nutritional outcomes. The review also aims to identify key mitigation and adaptation strategies that enhance the resilience and sustainability of food systems.

Methods: A narrative review approach was used to synthesize recent literature on the interactions among climate change, food production, consumption patterns, and nutrition. Studies addressing food security pillars, vulnerable populations, and climate‑related disruptions in agriculture and fisheries were analyzed.

Results: Climate change is altering agricultural productivity, food quality, and dietary practices through rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, and more frequent extreme weather events. These disruptions affect all four pillars of food security-availability, access, utilization, and stability-leading to shifts in consumption patterns and increased nutritional risks. Vulnerable populations, particularly those in low‑income and rural regions dependent on rainfed agriculture, experience disproportionate impacts. Climate‑induced declines in crop yields and fisheries contribute to price volatility, reduced dietary diversity, and higher rates of micronutrient deficiencies.

Conclusion: Climate change poses significant threats to global food and nutrition security. Strengthening food system resilience requires integrated strategies such as sustainable agricultural practices, dietary shifts toward low‑carbon foods, and reductions in post‑harvest losses. Coordinated policies and evidence‑based interventions are essential to address the interconnected challenges of climate change, food production, and nutrition.

Keywords: Food Systems; Dietary Habits; Food Security; Mitigation; Adaptation; Sustainable Nutrition; Climate Change

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