EC Microbiology

Review Article Volume 20 Issue 2 - 2023

Paramyxoviruses: The Lurking Pandemic Pathogens

Abubakar Yaro1,2,3*, Catherine Johnson4 and Francis Ohanyido5

AHRO Institute, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, London, UK

Africa Health Research Organization, Kano, Nigeria

Dr Yaro Laboratory Ltd, Accra, Ghana

AHRO Scientific Advisory Board, New York, USA

West African Institute of Public Health, Abuja, Nigeria

*Corresponding Author: Abubakar Yaro, AHRO Institute, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, London, UK.
Received: December 23, 2023; Published: January 31, 2024



The global impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was devastating and since then the world has started looking for Pathogen “X” which might cause the next pandemic. Paramyxoviruses are mostly found in bat and are significant pathogens of interest. Of these, NiV and HeV should be source of concern for the international public health community. They possess characteristics that are associated with pathogens that cause pandemic. This review analyse these characteristics as basis for supporting WHO for including PMVs in their Priority Pathogen lists. The diagnostic and therapeutic interventions are also discussed.

 Keywords: Pandemics; Virus; Paramyxovirus; Zoonotic Diseases; Spillover; Bats

  1. Umakanthan S., et al. “Origin, transmission, diagnosis, and management of coronavirus disease 2019”. Postgraduate Medical Journal 1142 (2020): 753-758.
  2. Neumann G and Kawaoka Y. “Which virus will cause the next pandemic?” Viruses1 (2023): 199.
  3. McAuley JL., et al. “Expression of the 1918 Influenza A virus PB1-F2 enhances the pathogenesis of viral and secondary bacterial pneumonia”. Cell Host and Microbe4 (2007): 240-249.
  4. Kobasa D., et al. “Enhanced virulence of influenza A viruses with the haemagglutinin of the 1918 pandemic virus”. Nature7009 (2004): 703-707.
  5. Tumpey TM., et al. “Characterization of the reconstructed 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic virus”. Science 5745 (2005): 77-80.
  6. Geiss GK., et al. “Cellular transcriptional profiling in influenza A virus-infected lung epithelial cells: the role of the non-structural NS1 protein in the evasion of the host innate defense and its potential contribution to pandemic influenza”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 16 (2002): 10736-10741.
  7. Watanabe T., et al. “Viral RNA polymerase complex promotes optimal growth of 1918 virus in the lower respiratory tract of ferrets”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2 (2009): 588-592.
  8. Schafer JR., et al. “Origin of the pandemic 1957 H2 influenza A virus and the persistence of its possible progenitors in the avian reservoir”. Virology2 (1993): 781-788.
  9. Scholtissek C., et al. “On the origin of the human influenza virus subtypes H2N2 and H3N2”. Virology1 (1978): 13-20.
  10. Kawaoka Y., et al. “Avian-to-human transmission of the PB1 gene of influenza A viruses in the 1957 and 1968 pandemics”. Journal of Virology 11 (1989): 4603-4608.
  11. Neumann G and Kawaoka Y. “Which virus will cause the next pandemic”. Viruses 1 (2023): 199.
  12. LeDuc JW and Barry MA. “SARS, the first pandemic of the 21st century”. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11 (2004): e26.
  13. World Health Organization. “Summary table of SARS cases by country, November 1, 2002 - August 7, 2003 (2020).
  14. Munster VJ., et al. “A novel coronavirus emerging in China-key questions for impact assessment”. New England Journal of Medicine 8 (2020): 692-694.
  15. Kuthyar S., et al. “World Health Organization high priority pathogens: Ophthalmic diseases findings and vision health perspectives”. Pathogens 4 (2021): 442.
  16. Woolhouse MEJ., et al. “RNA viruses: a case study of the biology of emerging infectious diseases”. Microbiology Spectrum 1 (2013): OH-0001-2012.
  17. Woolhouse MEJ., et al. “Human viruses: discovery and emergency”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 1604 (2012): 2864-2871.
  18. Woolhouse MEJ and Adair K. “The diversity of human RNA viruses”. Future Virology2 (2013): 159-171.
  19. Kantele A., et al. “Emerging diseases-the monkeypox epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo”. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 8 (2016): 658-659.
  20. Kreuder Johnson C., et al. “Spillover and pandemic properties of zoonotic viruses with high host plasticity”. Scientific Reports 7 (2015): 14830.
  21. Pulliam JR and Duschoff J. “Ability to replicate in the cytoplasm predicts zoonotic transmission of livestock viruses”. Journal of Infectious Diseases 4 (2009): 565-568.
  22. Olival K., et al. “Host and viral transmission traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals”. Nature 546 (2017): 646-650.
  23. Adaljia AA., et al. “Characteristics of microbes most likely to cause pandemic and global catastrophes”. Global Catastrophic Biological Risk 424 (2019): 1-20.
  24. Nassar A., et al. “A review of human coronaviruses receptors: the host-cell targets for the crown bearing viruses”. Molecules21 (2021): 6455.
  25. Proal AD., et al. “SARS-CoV-2 reservoir in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC)”. Nature Immunology10 (2023): 1616-1627.
  26. Subissi L., et al. “Ebola virus transmission caused by persistently infected survivors of the 2014-2016 outbreaks in West Africa”. Infectious Diseases 5 (2018): S287-S291.
  27. Azarm KD and Lee B. “Differential features of fusion activation within Paramyxoviridae”. Viruses2 (2020): 161.
  28. Madera S., et al. “Discovery and genomic characterization of novel Henipavirus, Angavokely Virus, from fruit bats in Madagascar”. Journal of Virology 18 (2022): e00921-22.
  29. Luby SP and Gurley ES. “Epidemiology of Henipavirus Disease in Humans”. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 359 (2012): 25-40.
  30. Epstein JH., et al. “Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 46 (2020): 29190-29201.
  31. Pernet O., et al. “Evidence of henipavirus spillover into human populations in Africa”. Nature Communications 5 (2014): 5342.
  32. Nikoley B., et al. “Transmission of Nipah Virus-14 years of investigations in Bangladesh”. New England Journal of Medicine 19 (2019): 1804-1814.
  33. Thakur V., et al. “Nipah outbreaks: Is it the beginning of another pandemic in the era of COVID-19 and Zika”. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 99 (2022): 25-26.
  34. Chua KB. “Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia”. Journal of Clinical Virology 3 (2003): 265-275.
  35. Nazmun N., et al. “The recent Nipah virus outbreak in Bangladesh could be a threat for global public health: A brief report”. Health Science Reports 7 (2023): e1423.
  36. Aditi Shariff M. “Nipah virus infection: A review”. Epidemiology and Infection 147 (2019): e95.
  37. Arankalle VA., et al. “Genomic characterization of Nipah virus, West Bengal, India”. Emerging Infectious Diseases 5 (2011): 907-909.
  38. Gazal S., et al. “Nipah and Hendra Viruses: Deadly zoonotic Paramyxoviruses with the potential to cause the next pandemic”. Pathogens12 (2022): 1419.
  39. O’Sullivan JD., et al. “Fatal encephalitis due to novel Paramyxoviruses transmitted from horses”. Lancet9045 (1997): 93-95.
  40. Gurley ES., et al. “Convergence of humans, bats, trees, and culture in Nipah virus transmission, Bangladesh”. Emerging Infectious Diseases 9 (2017): 1446-1453.
  41. Eaton BT., et al. “Hendra and Nipah viruses: different and dangerous”. Nature Reviews Microbiology 1 (2006): 23-35.
  42. Rima B., et al. “ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Paramyxoviridae”. Journal of General Virology 12 (2019): 1593-1594.
  43. Devnath P and Masud HMAA. “Nipah virus: a potential pandemic agent in the context of the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic”. New Microbes and New Infections 41 (2021): 100873.
  44. Halpin K., et al. “Pteropid bats are confirmed as the reservoir hosts of Henipaviruses: A comprehensive experimental study of virus transmission”. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 5 (2011): 946-951.
  45. Plowright RK., et al. “Transmission or within-host dynamics driving pulses of zoonotic viruses in reservoir-host populations”. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8 (2016): e0004796.
  46. Sazzard HMS., et al. “Nipah virus infection outbreak with Nosocomial and corpse-to-human transmission, Bangladesh”. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2 (2013): 210-217.
  47. Groβ S., et al. “SARS-CoV receptor ACE2-dependent implications on the cardiovascular system: From basic science to clinical implications”. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 144 (2020): 47-53.
  48. Guillaume V., et al. “Nipah virus: vaccination and passive protection studies in a Hamster model”. Journal of Virology2 (2004): 834-840.
  49. Mazzola LT and Kelly-Cirino C. “Diagnostic for Nipah virus: a zoonotic pathogen endemic to Southeast Asai”. BMJ Global Health2 (2019): e001118.
  50. Wang L-F and Daniels P. “Diagnosis of henipavirus infection: current capabilities and future directions”. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 359 (2012): 179-196.
  51. Bossart KN., et al. “Neutralization assays for differential henipavirus serology using Bio-Plex protein array system”. Journal of Virological Methods 1-2 (2007): 29-40.
  52. Banerjee S., et al. “Nipah virus disease: A rare and intractable disease”. Intractable and Rare Diseases Research 1 (2019): 1-8.
  53. Lipin R., et al. “Piperazine-substituted derivatives of favipiravir for Nipah virus inhibition: What do in silico studies unravel”. SN Applied Sciences 1 (2021): 110.
  54. Singh RK., et al. “Nipah virus: epidemiology, pathology, immunobiology and advances in diagnosis, vaccine designing and control strategies- a comprehensive review”. Veterinary Quarterly 1 (2019): 26-55.
  55. LeDuc JW and Barry MA. “SARS, the first pandemic of the 21st century”. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11 (2004): e26.

Abubakar Yaro., et al. “Paramyxoviruses: The Lurking Pandemic Pathogens”. EC Microbiology  20.2 (2024): 01-13.