EC Microbiology

The field of microbiology is more visible and crucial to global health than it has ever been [1,2]. The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has served as a stark reminder that microbial threats, whether viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic, are not relics of the past, but active forces shaping both the present and future of humanity. As we progress into the 21^st century, microbiologists and public health professionals are called upon not only to respond to epidemics, but also to anticipate, prevent and mitigate their impacts through globally coordinated strategies [3].

1. Microbiology in the 21^st Century: Where Are We and Where Are We Going? This report is based on a colloquium sponsored by the American Academy of Microbiology held September 5-7, 2003, in Charleston, South Carolina. Washington (DC): American Society for Microbiology (2004).
2. Shaw D., et al. “The importance of microbiology reference laboratories and adequate funding for infectious disease surveillance”. Lancet Digit Health4 (2025): e275-e281.
3. Crowther TW., et al. “Scientists' call to action: Microbes, planetary health, and the sustainable development goals”. Cell19 (2024): 5195-5216.
4. Caminade C., et al. “Impact of recent and future climate change on vector-borne diseases”. Academy of Sciences 1 (2019): 157-173.
5. Shaheen MNF. “The concept of one health applied to the problem of zoonotic diseases”. Review in Medical Virology 4 (2022): e2326.
6. Flahault A., et al. “Climate change and infectious diseases”. Public Health Reviews 37 (2016): 21.
7. Nova N., et al. “Global change and emerging infectious diseases”. Annual Review of Resource Economics 14 (2022): 333-354.
8. Chala B and Hamde F. “Emerging and re-emerging vector-borne infectious diseases and the challenges for control: a review”. Frontiers in Public Health 9 (2021): 715759.
9. Vidal SM., et al. “Veterinary education in the area of food safety (including animal health, food pathogens and surveillance of foodborne diseases)”. Revue Scientifique et Technique 2 (2013): 425-431, 417-424.
10. Mathijs E. “Exploring future patterns of meat consumption”. Meat Science 109 (2015): 112-116.
11. Ferri M., et al. “Antimicrobial resistance: A global emerging threat to public health systems”. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 13 (2017): 2857-2876.
12. Okeke IN., et al. “The scope of the antimicrobial resistance challenge”. Lancet10442 (2024): 2426-2438.
13. Mittal AK., et al. “Antimicrobials misuse/overuse: adverse effect, mechanism, challenges and strategies to combat resistance”. The Open Biotechnology Journal 14 (2020): 107-112.
14. Caneschi A., et al. “The use of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine, a complex phenomenon: a narrative review”. Antibiotics (Basel)3 (2023): 487.
15. Soromou LW., et al. “Assessing antibiotic use in selected poultry farms in N’Djamena, Republic of Chad”. Open Journal of Applied Sciences5 (2025): 1442-1465.
16. World Health Organization (WHO). “New report calls for urgent action to avert antimicrobial resistance crisis” (2019).
17. World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). Economic Impacts of AMR in Humans.
18. Huo D and Wang X. “A new era in healthcare: The integration of artificial intelligence and microbial”. Medicine in Novel Technology and Devices 23 (2024): 100319.
19. Yu T., et al. “Microbial technologies enhanced by artificial intelligence for healthcare applications”. Microbial Biotechnology 3 (2025): e70131.
20. Dhaarani R and Kiranmai Reddy M. “Progressing microbial genomics: Artificial intelligence and deep learning driven advances in genome analysis and therapeutics”. Intelligence-Based Medicine 11 (2025): 100251.