EC Microbiology

Research Article Volume 19 Issue 2 - 2023

Indoor Air-Pollution/Biomass Fuel as a Risk Factor of Opportunistic Respiratory Tract Infections in HIV Sero-Positive Patients of Western India

Rajeev Shah1*, Aarjav Shah2, RK Chavada3, Rajeev Prasad4 and Narendrakumar Chopada5

1Professor and Head, Microbiology Department, Kiran Medical College and Research Institute, Bharuch, India
2UG Student, Monash University, Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
3Professor and Head, Medicine Department, Kiran Hospital and Medical College, Surat, India
4Professor and Head, Paediatric Department, Kiran Hospital and Medical College, Surat, India
5Associate Professor and Director in Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

*Corresponding Author: Rajeev Shah, Professor and Head, Microbiology Department, Kiran Hospital and Medical College, Surat, India.
Received: January 09, 2023; Published: January 25, 2023



Background: It is well known that one third poor population of world use biomass fuel for cooking and heating. It is universally accepted fact that bio-mass fuel plays a significant role as predisposing factor of tuberculosis and acute respiratory tract infections even in non-immuno-suppressed (HIV sero-negative) individuals.

Aim: To study effects of biomass fuel on prevalence of RTI/tuberculosis on HIV-infected patients of Gujarat.

Materials and Methods: In the present study 961 HIV infected patients with RTI and 300 HIV infected patients with out RTI and 300 HIV-uninfected patients with RTI were surveyed for use of bio-mass fuel or clean fuel.

Result and Conclusion: It had been surveyed, statistically analysed and had been found even higher risk predisposing factor mainly for tuberculosis and other acute respiratory tract infections in immune-suppressed HIV-sero positive patients. It had been found that those who were HIV+ and using biomass fuel were found to have 2.3 times higher chance of contracting respiratory tract infection as compared to those negative for HIV. The 95% confidence interval not including the null value (OR = 1) indicates the significant association of the HIV status and the occurrence of RTI.

 

Keywords: Biomass Fuel; Clean Fuel; RTI; TB; HIV

  1. Alison Morris., et al. “Permanent Declines in Pulmonary Function Following Pneumonia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Persons”. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 162 (2000): 612-616.
  2. Naeher L., et al. “Woodsmoke health effects: a review”. Inhalation Toxicology 19 (2007): 67-106.
  3. Air Quality Guidelines. Global Update 2005 (2006b).
  4. Ezzati M and Kammen D. “Indoor air pollution from biomass combustion and acute respiratory infections in Kenya: an exposure–response study”. Lancet 358 (2001): 619-624.
  5. Regalado J., et al. “The effect of biomass burning on respiratory symptoms and lung function in rural Mexican women”. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 174 (2006): 901-905.
  6. Bruce N. “Reducing the health impacts of biomass fuel use in poor countries: do the health services have a role?” African Journal of Respiratory Medicine 1 (2005): 18-24.
  7. Norman R., et al. “Estimating the burden of disease attributable to indoor air pollution from household use of solid fuels in South Africa in 2000”. South African Medical Journal 97 (2008): 764-771.
  8. Smith KR. “The national burden of disease in India from indoor air pollution”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 24 (2000): 13286-13293.
  9. Smith KR., et al. “Indoor air pollution in developing countries and acute lower respiratory infections in children”. Thorax 6 (2000): 518-532.
  10. Devakumar D., et al. “Biomass fuel use and the exposure of children to particulate air pollution in southern Nepal [Environment International”. Environment International 100 (2014): 79-87.
  11. Taha TE., et al. “Trends of HIV-1 and sexually transmitted diseases among pregnant and postpartum women in urban Malawi”. AIDS 12 (1998): 197-203.
  12. Lewis DK., et al. “Prevalence and indicators of HIV and AIDS among adults admitted to medical and surgical wards in Blantyre, Malawi”. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97 (2003): 91-96.
  13. Mitchell DM and Clarke JR. “Pulmonary function tests in HIV-1 infection”. European Respiratory Monograph 2 (1995): 232-254.
  14. Diaz E., et al. “Eye discomfort, headache and back pain among Mayan Guatemalan women taking part in a randomised stove intervention trial”. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 61 (2007): 74-79.
  15. Gordon SB., et al. “Pneumococcal disease in HIV-infected Malawian adults: acute mortality and long-term survival”. AIDS 16 (2002): 1409-1417.
  16. Ghio AJ., et al. “Concentrated ambient air particles induce mild pulmonary inflammation in healthy human volunteers”. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 162 (2000): 981-988.
  17. Rowland-Jones SL. “Timeline: AIDS pathogenesis: what have two decades of HIV research taught us?” Nature Reviews Immunology 3 (2003): 343-348.
  18. Dye C., et al. “Consensus statement Global burden of tuberculosis: estimated incidence, prevalence and mortal ity by country, WHO, Global surveillance and Monitoring Project”. Journal of the American Academy of Meicine 7 (1999): 677-686.
  19. Mishra VK., et al. “Biomass cooking fuels and prevalence of tuberculosis in India”. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 3 (1999): 119-129.
  20. Chen BH., et al. “Indoor air pollution in developing countries”. World Health Statistics 3 (1990): 127-128.
  21. De Francisco A., et al. “Risk factor for mortality from acute lower respiratory tract infections in young Gambian children”. International Journal of Epidemiology 6 (1993): 1174-1182.
  22. Pandey MR. “Prevalence of chronic bronchitis in rural community of hill region of Nepal”. Thorax 39 (1984): 331-336.
  23. Kossove D. “Smoke-filled rooms and lower respiratory diseases in infants”. South African Medical Journal 17 (1982): 622-624.
  24. Pandey MR., et al. “Indoor air pollution in developing countries and acute respiratory infections in children”. Lancet 8635 (1989): 427-429.
  25. Zelikoff J. “Woodsmoke emission: effect on host pulmonary immune defence”. CIAR Current 3 (1994): 3.
  26. Behera D., et al. “Carboxyhaemoglobin in women exposed to different cooking fuels”. Thorax5 (1991): 344-346.
  27. Ezzati M and Kammen DM. “Quantifying the effect of exposure to indoor air pollution from bio-mass combustion on acute respiratory infections in developing countries”. Environment Health Prospectives 5 (2001): 481-488.
  28. Gupta BN and Mathur N. “A study of household environment risk factors pertaining to respiratory diseases”. Energy Environment Monitor 2 (1997): 61-67.
  29. Shah N., et al. “Risk factor for sever pneumonia in children in South Kerala: a hospital-based case control study”. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 4 (1994): 201-206.
  30. Worobey, et al. “Island biogeography reveals the deep history of SIV’”. Science New York (2010): 329.

Rajeev Shah., et al. “Indoor Air-Pollution/Biomass Fuel as a Risk Factor of Opportunistic Respiratory Tract Infections in HIV Sero-Positive Patients of Western India”. EC Microbiology  19.2 (2023): 04-11.

ECronicon Journal

Our Services

Quick Links

Information

Creative Commons LicenseOpen Access by ECronicon is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Based on a work at www.ecronicon.net