EC Microbiology

Zoonotic diseases that cause high morbidity as well as mortality in susceptible hosts, pose a serious threat to human and animal health worldwide [1,2]. Due to close association of humans with animals, there is a cross-species transmission of pathogen [3]. Reverse zoonosis also known as zooanthroponosis, is an infectious disease, which involves multiple aetiologies including the virus (measles, severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2, poliomyelitis, influenza A (H1N1, infectious hepatitis), bacteria (Streptococcus pneumonia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, Shigella, Campylobacter, Salmonella), fungi (Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum), protozoa (Cryptosporidium parvum, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia duodenalis), and helminths (Trichuris trichiura, Dracunculus medinensis, Ascaris lumbricoides); and are transmitted from humans to animals by several routes [4-9].

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2. Pal M. “Public health concern due to emerging and re-emerging zoonoses”. International Journal of Livestock Research 1 (2013): 56-62.
3. Pal M. “Zoonoses”. Second Edition. Satyam Publishers, Jaipur, India (2007).
4. Pal M., et al. “Zooanthroponotic significance of trichophyton rubrum in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)”. Verh Ber Erkeg Zootiere 38 (1997): 355-
5. Erwin PC., et al. “Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission from human to canine”. Emerging Infectious Diseases12 (2004): 2258-2210.
6. Forgie SE., et al. “Swine outbreak of pandemic influenza A virus on a Canadian research farm supports human-to-swine transmission”. Clinical Infectious Diseases1 (2011): 10-18.
7. Messenger AM., et al. “Reverse zoonotic disease transmission (Zooanthroponosis): a systematic review of seldom- documented human biological threats to animals”. PLoS One2 (2014): e89055.
8. Noman Z A., et al. “Reverse zoonotic transmission (zooanthroponosis): An increasing threat to animal health”. Advances in Veterinary and Animal Research3 (2024): 601-617.
9. Pal M. “Measles: A highly infectious viral zooanthroponosis of public health concern”. Virology and Immunology Journal2 (2024): 000348.
10. “About shigellosis infection”. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA (2024).
11. Kanungo R. “Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s Textbook of Microbiology”. Tenth Edition. University Press, Hyderabad, India (2013).
12. Schaible UE., et al. “Malnutrition and infection: complex mechanisms and global impacts”. Plos Medicine5 (2007): e115.
13. Sabour S., et al. “Molecular detection and characterization of Shigella Harbouring extended spectrum B-lactamase genes in children with diarrhoea in northwest Iran”. Molecular and Cellular Paediatric 9.1 (2022): 19.
14. Williams P C., et al. “Guidelines for the treatment of dysentery (shigellosis): a systematic review of the evidence”. Paediatric International Child Health1 (2018): S50-S65.
15. Nizeyi JB., et al. “Campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, and shigellosis in free-ranging human-habituated mountain gorillas of Uganda”. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2 (2001): 239-244.