EC Pharmacology and Toxicology

Research Article Volume 13 Issue 6 - 2025

Studies on Water-Harvesting Ponds (Haffirs) in Gedarif State, Eastern Sudan: IV. Registry of Cancer Cases and Kidney Problems Reported in Gedarif State and their Relations to the Detected Pollutants

Nabil H H Bashir1*, Ibrahim FAE1 and Bashier EE2

1Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases (BNNICD), Sudan
 2Water Management and Irrigation Institute, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan

*Corresponding Author: Nabil H H Bashir, Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases (BNNICD), Sudan.
Received: April 30, 2025; Published: May 26, 2025




The water harvesting ponds (haffirs) are used for drinking, agriculture, domestic needs and activities. These haffirs are designed to store water to be used during the dry-season in Sudan. The objectives of the series of the 4 previously published studies were to investigate the possibility of pollution hazardous materials like heavy metals (HMs), pesticides and hydrocarbons (HCs) and relate them to the registry of cancer and renal problem cases of Gedarif State (GS), Eastern Sudan. Three haffirs, representing 3 regions within the state, were subjected to the investigations, viz. Azaza, Tarfa and Elkafay. The HMs results showed that levels of several of them were higher than the WHO permissible levels (PLs) in the soil and water. The herbicide 2,4-D, and the insecticides carbaryl, lindane, their degradation products, in addition to some hydrocarbons were detected. It is concluded that the levels of some of these pollutants might be behind the incidence of some of the reported cancers and the renal failure cases in the area. The study recommended that haffirs site selection, design, facilities, logistics and protection must be given the required attention by all stakeholders.

 Keywords: Water-Harvesting; Heavy Metals; Carbaryl; Lindane; 2,4-D; Cancer; Renal Problems; Gedarif State; Sudan

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Nabil H H Bashir., et al. "Studies on Water-Harvesting Ponds (Haffirs) in Gedarif State, Eastern Sudan: IV. Registry of Cancer Cases and Kidney Problems Reported in Gedarif State and their Relations to the Detected Pollutants". EC Pharmacology and Toxicology 13.6 (2025): 01-10.

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