EC Pharmacology and Toxicology

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) provide powerful therapeutic opportunities in Nano medicine, enabling tumour-selective oxidative removal, redox-responsive drug release, and antioxidant protection in inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Particular attention is given to thorough ROS quantification, cross validation, bio distribution designing, and adherence to international regulatory standards to ensure reproducibility and clinical translation. However, their high reactivity also introduces risks of off- target cytotoxicity, immunological disturbance, and long-term nanoparticle accumulation. Protective strategies-including antioxidant co-delivery, incorporation of self-limiting catalytic (precaution) and the use of biodegradable or renal passable confirmation-are highlighted as key to reducing systemic toxicity. This review proposes a comprehensive safety-by-design framework for ROS- modulating nanoplatforms, focusing on selective ROS species deployment, spatiotemporal activation using endogenous or exogenous triggers, and precise catalytic regulation to prevent uncontrolled oxidative stress. Emerging modalities such as photodynamic, chemo dynamic, sono dynamic, and nano enzyme systems are critically evaluated confirm ROS-scavenging and redox-responsive nano carriers.

 Keywords: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS); Nanomedicine; Safety-By-Design; Photodynamic Therapy (PDT); Chemodynamic Therapy (CDT); Sonodynamic Therapy (SDT); Nanozymes; Antioxidant Nanocarriers; Redox-Responsive Polymers; Spatiotemporal Activation

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