EC Paediatrics

Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most common neurological disorders. It occurs due to the death of brain cells which results in decline of skills and memory. AD does not cause direct death but it significantly increases vulnerability to other complications which leads to death. AD is mostly seen in aged individuals. In 1990, the global prevalence of dementia was reported to be 20.3 million people was suffering with AD it remarkably increased to 43.8 million in 2016, representing a significant increase of 116%. AD is differentiated by slow and continuous increase of neurodegeneration caused by neuronal cell death. Risk factors are of 2 types, genetic and acquired risk factors. Genetic risk factors occur due to the PSENI and PSENS gene mutations. Acquired risk factors involve age, sex, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia and other environmental factors. Memory loss, lack of thinking, difficult to make judgments and decisions, changes in personality of behaviour, depression are the major symptoms involved in AD. The main pathophysiological feature of AD is the accumulation of amyloid - beta plaques and tau proteins in the brain. These changes lead to nerve cell loss and the development of dementia. Free radical production, reduction in AChEI, metal dyshomeostasis are also involved in the pathophysiology of AD. Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, memantine are used in the pharmacological therapy of AD. Sufficient amount of sleep and music therapy are the non pharmacological therapy to treat AD. Various therapeutic florae are used in the treatment of AD.

 Keywords: Alzheimer’s Disease; Dementia; Tau Protein; Beta Amyloid Plaques; Acetylcholine Esterase; Oxidative Stress

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