EC Pharmacology and Toxicology

In this study, dental anxiety and fear levels of the students of the Faculty of Dentistry were examined. The population of the study consists of dentistry students studying in the TRNC in the 2021 - 2022 academic year. 349 individuals selected by random sampling method were included in the study. The data were were collected by the administration of the Socio-Demographic Information Form, Dental Fear Scale and Modified Dental Anxiety Scale to the participants. Within the scope of the research, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H analysis were used to compare the Dental Fear Scale and Modified Dental Anxiety Scale scores according to the socio-demographic characteristics of the students and their dental experiences. As a result of the analyzes, it was determined that there was no statistically significant difference between dental fear and gender, while age, grade level, tooth brushing frequency, smoking history, frequency and reason for going to the dentist, endodontic internship status, root canal treatment and traumatic dentistry experiences variables were found to be correlated to dental fear. In the study, it was also determined that there was no correlation between dental anxiety and some variables such as gender, smoking history and cause of going to dentist. In addition, it was found out that there are significant differences between the dental anxiety and some variables such as age, grade level, frequency of tooth brushing, frequency of going to the dentist, endodontic internship status, root canal treatment and traumatic dentistry experiences.

Keywords: Dentistry; Dental Anxiety; Dental Fear

1. Erskine RG. “Relational patterns, therapeutic presence “concepts and practice of ıntegrative psychotherapy”. London: Karnac Books Ltd (2015).
2. Kring AM and Johnson SL. “Anormal Psikoloji, Muzaffer Şahin (Çev. Edition.)”. Ankara: Nobel (2015).
3. Olson MH and Hergenhahn BR. “Öğrenmenin Kuramları, Muzaffer Şahin (Çev. Edition.)”. Ankara: Nobel (2016).
4. Khandelwal D., et al. “Control of anxiety in pediatric patients using “tell show do” method and audiovisual distraction”. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice9 (2018): 1058-1064.
5. Alsadat F., et al. “Dental fear in primary school children and its relation to dental caries”. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice11 (2018): 1454.
6. Pohjola V., et al. “Association between dental fear and oral health habits and treatment need among university students in Finland: A national study”. BMC Oral Health 16 (2016): 26.
7. Esa R., et al. “The relationship between dental anxiety and dental decay experience in antenatal mothers”. European Journal of Oral Sciences 118 (2010): 59-65.
8. Paglia L., et al. “Reliability and validity of the ıtalian versions of the children's fear survey schedule-dental subscale and the modified child dental anxiety scale”. European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 18.4 (2017): 305-312.
9. Hussein HM., et al. “Pathways of endodontic fear in different age groups for Iraqi endodontic patients”. Iraqi Dental Journal 39 (2017): 26-32.
10. Randall CL., et al. “Fear of pain mediates the association between MC1R genotype and dental fear”. Journal of Dental Research 95 (2016): 1132-1137.
11. Do Nascimento DL., et al. “Anxiety and fear of dental treatment among users of public health services”. Oral Health and Preventive Dentistry 9 (2011): 329-337.
12. Spielberger CD., et al. “The state-trait anxiety inventory”. Interamerican Journal of Psychology 5 (2017): 3-4.
13. Glaesmer H., et al. “Controlled trial on the effect of hypnosis on dental anxiety in tooth removal patients”. Patient Education and Counseling 98 (2015): 1112-1115.
14. Sghaireen MG., et al. “Anxiety due to dental treatment and procedures among university students and ıts correlation with their gender and field of study”. International Journal of Dentistry (2013): 647436.
15. Singh H., et al. “Effect of ‘perceived control’ in management of anxious patients undergoing endodontic therapy by use of an electronic communication system”. Journal of Conservative Dentistry 15 (2012): 51-55.
16. Holden A. “The art of suggestion: the use of hypnosis in dentistry”. British Dental Journal 212 (2012): 549-551.
17. Saatchi M., et al. “The prevalence of dental anxiety and fear in patients referred to Isfahan dental school, Iran”. Dental Research Journal3 (2015): 248-253.
18. Crego A., et al. “From public mental health to community oral health: the impact of dental anxiety and fear on dental status”. Frontiers in Public Health 2 (2014): 16.
19. Acharya S and Sangam DK. “Dental anxiety and its relationship with self-perceived health locus of control among Indian dental students”. Oral Health and Preventive Dentistry1 (2010): 9-14.
20. Ergüven SS., et al. “Diş hekimliği fakültesi birinci sınıf öğrencileri ile son sınıf öğrencilerinin dental kaygı-korku düzeylerinin karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmesi”. Acta Odontologica Turcica2 (2013): 70-76.
21. Pohjola V., et al. “Association between dental fear and oral health habits and treatment need among university students in Finland: a national study”. BMC Oral Health 16 (2016): 26.
22. Kheir OO., et al. “Patient–dentist relationship and dental anxiety among young sudanese adult patients”. International Dental Journal 69 (2019): 35-43.
23. Khorshidi H., et al. “The relation of preoperative stress and anxiety on patiens’ satisfaction after implant placement”. Journal of Dental Research5 (2017): 351-355.
24. Lingli W and Gao X. “Children’s dental fear and anxiety: Exploring family related factors”. BMC Oral Health 18 (2018): 100.
25. Armfield JM. “The Extent and Nature of Dental Fear and Phobia in Australia”. Australian Dental Journal 55 (2010): 368-377.
26. Candido MC., et al. “Assesment of anxiety in patients who undergo surgical procedures for tooth implants: a prospective study”. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 19 (2015): 253-258.
27. Pontone S., et al. “Endoscopic findings and psychometric abnormalities: what is the relationship in upper endoscopic outpatients?” Clinical Therapeutics6 (2015): 238-243.
28. Al-Radha ASD. “Impact of anxiety on the satisfaction of dental ımplant patients”. Journal of Prosthodontics (2017).
29. Bovaira M., et al. “Preoperative anxiety and ıts ınfluence on patient and surgeon satisfaction in patients receiving dental ımplant surgeries performed under ıntravenous conscious sedation”. The International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants4 (2017): 912-918.
30. Ihara Y., et al. “Male gender and high trait anxiety are 2 major factors associated with severe dental fear and avoidance”. Anesthesia Progress3 (2018): 177-180.
31. Nieder C and Kampe TA. “Does marital status ınfluence levels of anxiety and depression before palliative radiotherapy? 32.2 (2018): 327-330.
32. Liu Y., et al. “Preoperative anxiety decrease the postoperative satisfaction in anterior dental implant surgery”. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine10 (2016): 20044-20049.
33. Khesht-Masjedi, MF., et al. “The relationship between gender, age, anxiety, depression, and academic achievement among teenagers”. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care3 (2019): 799-804.
34. Wali A., et al. “Analysis of level of anxiety and fear before and after endodontic treatment”. Journal of Dental and Oral Health3 (2016): 19-21.
35. Facco E., et al. “On the science of consciousness: epistemological reflections and clinical implications”. Explore3 (2017): 163-180.
36. Vishwanathaiah S. “Knowledge, attitudes, and oral health practices of school children in davangere”. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry2 (2016): 172-176.
37. Koukourikos K., et al. “The importance of play during hospitalization of children”. Materia Socio Medica6 (2015): 438-441.
38. Carter AE., et al. “Pathways of fear and anxiety in dentistry: A review”. World Journal of Clinical Cases11 (2014): 642-653.
39. Almoznino G., et al. “Diet practices, body mass index, and oral health- related quality of lifein adults with periodontitis- acasecontrol study”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health7 (2020).
40. Laskin DM., et al. “Does viewing a third molar informed consent video decrease patients' anxiety?” Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery12 (2018): 2515-2517.
41. Berezow AB and Darveau RP. “Microbial shift and periodontitis”. Periodontology 20001 (2011): 36-47.
42. Giannobile WV. “Host-response therapeutics for periodontal diseases”. Journal of Periodontology 20008 (2008): 1592-1600.
43. Ezzo PJ and Cutler CW. “Microorganisms as risk indicators for periodontal disease”. Periodontology 20001 (2003): 24-35.
44. Kinane DF., et al. “Environmental and other modifying factors of the periodontal diseases”. Periodontology 20001 (2006): 107-119.
45. Cullinan MP., et al. “Acquisition and loss of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia over a 5-year period: effect of a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice”. Journal of Clinical Periodontology6 (2003): 532-541.
46. Carrozzino D and Porcelli P. “Alexithymia in gastroenterology and hepatology: A systematic review”. Frontiers in Psychology (2018).
47. Mandarelli G., et al. “The relationship between alexithymia and circulating cytokine levels in subjects undergoing upper endoscopy”. Neuroimmunomodulation 18 (2011): 37-44.
48. Chapple ILC., et al. “Periodontal health and gingival diseases and conditions on an intact and a reduced periodontium: Consensus report of workgroup 1 of the 2017 World workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-ımplant diseases and conditions”. Journal of Periodontology89 (2018): 74-84.
49. Melin EO., et al. “Depression differed by midnight cortisol secretion, alexithymia and anxiety between diabetes types: A cross sectional comparison”. BMC Psychiatry1 (2017): 1-10.
50. Kudiyirickal MG and Pappachan JM. “Diabetes mellitus and oral health”. Humana Press (2015): 27-34.
51. Carter AE., et al. “Influence of culture change on the perception of fear and anxiety pathways in Endodontics: A pilot proof of concept study”. Australian Endodontic Journal1 (2019): 20-25.
52. Chandraweera L., et al. “A survey of patients’ perceptions about, and their experiences of, root canal treatment”. Australian Endodontic Journal2 (2019): 225-232.
53. Levin L., et al. “Dental anxiety and oral health-related quality of life in aggressive periodontitis patients”. Clinical Oral Investigations3 (2018): 1411-1422.
54. Shayeghian Z., et al. “The relation of alexithymia and attachment with type 1 diabetes management in adolescents: A gender-specific analysis”. BMC Psychology1 (2020): 1-9.
55. Appukuttan DP. “Strategies to manage patients with dental anxiety and dental phobia: Literature review”. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry 8 (2016): 35-50.
56. Zhang X., et al. “A study on the prevalence of dental anxiety, pain perception, and their interrelationship in Chinese patients with oral implant surgery”. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research (2019).
57. Di Nasso L., et al. “Influences of 432 Hz music on the perception of anxiety during endodontic treatment: A randomized controlled clinical trial”. Journal of Endodontics9 (2016): 1338-1343.
58. Koch G., et al. “Pediatric dentistry: A clinical approach (3rd edition)”. Wiley-Blackwell (2017): 408.
59. Gadicherla S., et al. “Estimation of salivary cortisol among subjects undergoing dental extraction”. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry2 (2018): 116.
60. Huamani JRS., et al. “Assessment of anxiety and stress markers in children submitted to educational strategies and ART-restoration: A randomized clinical trial”. Archives of Oral Biology 97 (2019): 191-197.