EC Ophthalmology

Glaucoma is a major concern in public health, ranking as the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, following cataracts. It is particularly prevalent among Blacks, Latinos, and the Asian populations, highlighting the importance of addressing racial and ethnic disparities in its treatment and prevention. Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common form of glaucoma and studies have demonstrated that the number of individuals affected will continue to rise. Therefore, it is crucial to thoroughly examine various aspects of this condition to ensure optimal care for those affected. To achieve this, we conducted an extensive literature search, focusing on articles related to the diagnosis, treatment, recommendations on prevention, and improving awareness on POAG. Our search encompassed reputable sources such as PubMed, Scopus, and other relevant platforms. The screening process involved identifying updates on POAG, exploring new treatment approaches, examining disease management strategies, and investigating preventive measures. The findings confirmed the disease severity and the disabilities that can occur without adequate diagnosis and treatment.

 Keywords: Glaucoma; Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG); Cataracts

1. Jonas JB., et al. “Glaucoma”. Lancet 10108 (2017): 2183-2193.
2. Sharts-Hopko NC and C Glynn-Milley. “Primary open-angle glaucoma”. American Journal of Nursing 2 (2009): 40-47 quiz 48.
3. Allison K., et al. “Racial and ethnic disparities in primary open-angle glaucoma clinical trials: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. JAMA Network Open 5 (2021): e218348.
4. Friedman DS., et al. “Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma among adults in the United States”. Archives of Ophthalmology4 (2004): 532-538.
5. National Eye Institute. “Glaucoma data and statistics” (2020).
6. Tham YC., et al. “Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040”. Ophthalmology11 (2014): 1081-2090.
7. Salowe R., et al. “Primary open-angle glaucoma in individuals of African descent: a review of risk factors”. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 4 (2015): 450.
8. Congdon N., et al. “Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States”. Archives of Ophthalmology 4 (2004): 477-485.
9. Friedman DS., et al. “The prevalence of open-angle glaucoma among blacks and whites 73 years and older: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation Glaucoma Study”. Archives of Ophthalmology 11 (2006): 1625-1630.
10. Muñoz B., et al. “Causes of blindness and visual impairment in a population of older Americans: The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study”. Archives of Ophthalmology 6 (2000): 819-825.
11. Tielsch JM., et al. “Racial variations in the prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma. The Baltimore Eye Survey”. Journal of the American Medical Association 3 (1991): 369-374.
12. Glaucoma Research Foundation. “Glaucoma facts and stats” (2020).
13. Kingman S. “Glaucoma is second leading cause of blindness globally”. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 11 (2004): 887-888.
14. Kymes SM., et al. “The increased cost of medical services for people diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma: A decision analytic approach”. American Journal of Ophthalmology1 (2010): 74-81.
15. Coleman AL and S Miglior. “Risk factors for glaucoma onset and progression”. Survey of Ophthalmology 1 (2008): S3-S10.
16. McMonnies CW. “Glaucoma history and risk factors”. Journal of Optometry 2 (2017): 71-78.
17. Perez CI., et al. “Relationship of lifestyle, exercise, and nutrition with glaucoma”. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 2 (2019): 82-88.
18. Stein JD., et al. “Glaucoma in adults-screening, diagnosis, and management: A review”. Journal of the American Medical Association2 (2021): 164-174.
19. Weinreb RN., et al. “The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: A review”. Journal of the American Medical Association18 (2014): 1901-1911.
20. Jain A., et al. “CRISPR-Cas9-based treatment of myocilin-associated glaucoma”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 42 (2017): 11199-11204.
21. Buffault J., et al. “The trabecular meshwork: Structure, function and clinical implications. A review of the literature”. Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie 7 (2020): e217-e230.
22. Nilsson SF. “The uveoscleral outflow routes”. Eye (London)2 (1997): 149-154.
23. Schmidl, D., et al. “Pharmacotherapy of glaucoma”. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2 (2015): 63-77.
24. Kass MA., et al. “The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: a randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma”. Archives of Ophthalmology 6 (2002): 701-713 discussion 829-830.
25. Garway-Heath DF., et al. “Latanoprost for open-angle glaucoma (UKGTS): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled trial”. Lancet9975 (2015): 1295-1304.
26. Heijl A., et al. “Reduction of intraocular pressure and glaucoma progression: results from the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial”. Archives of Ophthalmology 10 (2002): 1268-1279.
27. Leske MC., et al. “Factors for glaucoma progression and the effect of treatment: the early manifest glaucoma trial”. Archives of Ophthalmology 1 (2003): 48-56.
28. Asrani S., et al. “Netarsudil/latanoprost fixed-dose combination for elevated intraocular pressure: three-month data from a randomized phase 3 trial”. American Journal of Ophthalmology 207 (2019): 248-257.
29. Garg A and G Gazzard. “Treatment choices for newly diagnosed primary open angle and ocular hypertension patients”. Eye (London)1 (2020): 60-71.
30. Razeghinejad M Reza and George L Spaeth. “A history of the surgical management of glaucoma”. Optometry and Vision Science: Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry 88.1 (2011): E39-E47.
31. Watson PG., et al. “The complications of trabeculectomy (a 20-year follow-up)”. Eye (London)3 (1990): 425-438.
32. Molteno AC. “New implant for drainage in glaucoma. Clinical Trial”. British Journal of Ophthalmology 9 (1969): 161-168.
33. Agrawal Pavi and Palvi Bhardwaj. “Glaucoma drainage implants”. International Journal of Ophthalmology8 (2020): 1318-1328.
34. Faith A Birnbaum., et al. “Microinvasive glaucoma surgery: an evidence-based review”. Seminars in Ophthalmology8 (2021): 772-786.
35. Saheb Hady., et al. “Micro-invasive glaucoma surgery: current perspectives and future directions”. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology2 (2012): 96-104.
36. Jayaram H., et al. “Glaucoma: now and beyond”. Lancet (London, England)10414 (2023): 1788-1801.
37. de Vente Coen., et al. “AIROGS: Artificial Intelligence for RObust Glaucoma Screening Challenge” (2023).
38. Abràmoff Michael D., et al. “Pivotal trial of an autonomous AI-based diagnostic system for detection of diabetic retinopathy in primary care offices”. NPJ Digital Medicine 1 (2018): 39.
39. Tao Shiqi., et al. “Predicting glaucoma progression to surgery with artificial intelligence survival models”. Ophthalmology Science 4 (2023): 100336.
40. Stagg B., et al. “Longitudinal visual field variability and the ability to detect glaucoma progression in Black and White individuals”. British Journal of Ophthalmology8 (2021): 1115-1120.
41. Newman-Casey PA., et al. “Brand medications and Medicare Part D: How eye care providers' prescribing patterns influence costs”. Ophthalmology3 (2018): 332-339.
42. Prager Alisa J., et al. “Self-reported function, health resource use, and total health care costs among medicare beneficiaries with glaucoma”. JAMA Ophthalmology4 (2016): 357-365.
43. Esporcatte BL and IM Tavares. “Normal-tension glaucoma: an update”. Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia 4 (2016): 270-276.
44. Sun X., et al. “Primary angle closure glaucoma: What we know and what we don't know”. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 57 (2017): 26-45.
45. Chan PP., et al. “Acute primary angle closure-treatment strategies, evidences and economical considerations”. Eye (London)1 (2019): 110-119.
46. Mocan MC., et al. “Update in genetics and surgical management of primary congenital glaucoma”. Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology 6 (2019): 347-355.
47. Badawi AH., et al. “Primary congenital glaucoma: An updated review”. Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology 4 (2019): 382-388.
48. Kang JM and AP Tanna. “Glaucoma”. Medical Clinics of North America 3 (2021): 493-510.
49. Okafor K., et al. “Update on pigment dispersion syndrome and pigmentary glaucoma”. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 2 (2017): 154-160.
50. Kalogeropoulos D and VC Sung. “Pathogenesis of uveitic glaucoma”. Journal of Current Glaucoma Practice 3 (2018): 125-138.
51. Siegfried CJ and YB Shui. “Racial disparities in glaucoma: From epidemiology to pathophysiology”. Missouri Medicine 1 (2022): 49-54.
52. Pleet A., et al. “Risk factors associated with progression to blindness from primary open-angle glaucoma in an African-American population”. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 4 (2016): 248-256.
53. Zhang X., et al. “Socioeconomic disparity in use of eye care services among US adults with age-related eye diseases: National Health Interview Survey, 2002 and 2008”. JAMA Ophthalmology9 (2013): 1198-1206.
54. , et al. “The value of annual glaucoma screening for high risk adults ages 60-80”. Cureus 13.10 (2021): e18710.
55. Sayuri Sekimitsu BS., et al. “Deep ocular phenotyping across primary open - angle glaucoma genetic burden”. JAMA Ophthalmology9 (2023): 891-899.
56. Michael Freehan., et al. “Adherence to glaucoma medication over 12 months in 2 community pharmacy chains”. Journal of Clinical Medicine 9 (2016): 79.
57. Glaucoma Outcomes from the IRIS Registry. American Academy of Ophthalmology (2023).
58. Bryn Mawr Communications. Global Data: Primary open angle glaucoma total prevalent cases to reach 8.84 million by 2030 - Eyewire+. Eyewire+.
59. Clinical Trials Arena. Higher prevalence of glaucoma in women: what is causing it? Clinical Trials Arena. Verdict Media Limited (2022).