EC Gastroenterology and Digestive System

Review Article Volume 10 Issue 2 - 2023

A Stem Cells and Intestinal Microbiome

Álvaro Zamudio Tiburcio1*, Héctor Bermúdez Ruiz2 and Silverio Alonso López3

1Department of Gastroenterology, Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation Medical Specialties Naples Unit, Mexico

2Endoscopy Service, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center, XXI Century, Mexican Social Security Institute, Hospital Trinidad, Mexico City, Mexico

3Department of Urologist, Chairman Medical Specialties Naples in Mexico City, Mexico

*Corresponding Author: Álvaro Zamudio Tiburcio, Department of Gastroenterology, Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation Medical Specialties Naples Unit, Mexico.
Received: March 01, 2023; Published: March 08, 2023



We carry out an in-depth analysis of the importance of stem cells and intestinal microbiota through the evaluation of their interactions, highlighting their significance through their central objective, both isolated and united, and reviewing the impacts that these entities have on the intestinal microbiota in people who have undergone stem cell transplants and confirm the conditions in which they have been successfully applied. We also focus on the advantages and disadvantages of each procedure, in order to provide appropriate application percentages and rationalization of their use.

Keywords: Stem Cells (SCs); Intestinal Stem Cell (ISC); Microbiome (M); Intestinal Microbiota (IM); Acute Graft Versus Host Disease (AGHD); Intestinal Microbiota Transplant (IMT); Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT)

  1. Jonathan MW Slack. “Stem Cell”. Encyclopædia Britannica (2019).
  2. Zarksewski W., et al. “Stem cells: past, Present, and future”. Stem Cell Research and Therapy 68 (2019).
  3. Passier R and Mummery C. “Origin and use of embryonic and adult stem cells in Differentiation and tissue repair”. Cardiovascular Research 58 (2003): 324-335.
  4. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stem cells and regenerative medicine/editors, Walter C Low and Catherine M Verfaillie. “Includes bibliographical references and index”. ISBN-13 (2022): 978-981.
  5. Lo B and Parham L. “Ethical Issues in Stem Cell Research”. Endocrine Reviews 3 (2009): 204-213.
  6. Reisman M and Admas KT. “Stem Cell Therapy: a Look at Current Research, Regulations, and Remaining Hurdles”. PT 12 (2014): 846-847.
  7. Barker N. “Adult intestinal stem cells: Critical drivers of epithelial Homeostasis And regeneration. Nature reviews”. Molecular cell Biology 1 (2013).
  8. Rocha V., et al. “Hematopoietic stem-cell Transplantation using umbilical-cord blood cells”. Revista de Investigación Clínica 2 (2005): 314-323.
  9. Azari H and Reynolds BA. “In Vitro Models for Neurogenesis”. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 6 (2016): a021279.
  10. Sakthiswary R and Raymond AA. “Stem cell therapy in neurodegenerative diseases”. Neural Regeneration Research 23 (2012): 1822-1831.
  11. Sapkota A. “Stem Cells- Definition, Properties, Types, Uses, Challenges Stem Cells- Definition, Properties, Microbe Notes (2020).
  12. Zakrzewski JL., et al. “Overcoming Barriers in regenerative medicine”. Nature Biotechnology 8 (2014): 786-794.
  13. Lundy SD., et al. “Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Cardiomyocytes for Cardiac Repair”. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 7 (2014): 319.
  14. National Research Council (US) and Institute of Medicine (US) Committee On the Biological and Biomedical Applications of Stem Cell Research. Stem Cells and the Future of Regenerative Medicine. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). CHAPTER FOUR, Opportunities for And Barriers to Progress in Stem Cell Research for Regenerative Medicine (2002).
  15. Haque SZ and Haque M. “The ecological community of commensal, symbiotic, And pathogenic gastrointestinal microorganisms – an appraisal”. Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology 10 (2017): 91-103.
  16. Baquero F and Nombela C. “The microbiome as a human organ”. Clinical Microbiology and Infection4-4 (2022): 24.
  17. Grice EA and Segre JA. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 13 (2012): 151-170.
  18. Sinha A. “Gut Microbiome: The New Organ?” Hormone and Metabolic Research2 (2020): 01-02.
  19. Anwar H., et al. “Gut Microbiome: A New Organ System in Body”. Parasitology and Microbiology Research (2019).
  20. Li X., et al. “Gut microbiota as an "invisible Organ" that modulates the function of drugs”. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 121 (2020): 109653.
  21. O´Hara AM and Shanahan F. “The gut flora as a forgotten organ”. EMBO Reports7 (2006): 688-693.
  22. Sleator Roy. “The human superorganism - Of microbes and men”. Medical Hypotheses 2 (2009): 214-215.
  23. Thursby T and Juge N. “Introduction to the human gut microbiota”. Biochemical Journal 11 (2017): 1823-1836.
  24. Belkaid Y and Hand T. “Role of the Microbiota in Immunity and inflammation”. Cell1 (2014): 121-141.
  25. Jandhyala SM., et al. “Role of the normal gut microbiota”. World Journal of Gastroenterology 29 (2015): 8787-8803.
  26. Clemente JC., et al. “The Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Human Health: An Integrative View”. Cell6 (2012): 1258-1270.
  27. Heintz-Buschard A and Wilmes P. “Human Gut Microbiome: Function Matters”. Trends In Microbiology7 (2017): P563-574.
  28. Noor F., et al. “The Gut Microbiota and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Challenges and Potentials”. Journal of Immunology5 (2019): 405-415.
  29. Zheng D., et al. “Interaction between microbiota and Immunity In health and disease”. Cell Research6 (2020): 492-506.
  30. Jacobsohn DA and Vogelsang GB. “Acute graft versus host disease”. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2 (2007): 35.
  31. Funke AM., et al. “Acute and chronic Graft- Versus-host disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation”. Revista Da Asssociação Médica Brasileira1 (2016).
  32. Staffas A., et al. “The intestinal microbiota in Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant and graft-versus-host disease”. Blood8 (2017): 927-933.
  33. Vemuri R., et al. “Beyond Just Bacteria: Functional Biomes in the Gut Ecosystem Including Virome, Mycobiome, Archaeome and Helminths”. Microorganisms4 (2020): 483.
  34. Sassone-Corsi M and Raffatellu M. “No Vacancy: How Beneficial Microbes Cooperate with Immunity To Provide Colonization Resistance to Pathogens”. Journal of Immunology9 (2015): 4081-4087.
  35. Ubeda C., et al. “Roles of the intestinal microbiota in Pathogen protection”. Clinical and Translational Immunology 6 (2017): e128.
  36. Ducarmon QR., et al. “Gut Microbiota and Colonization Resistance against Bacterial Enteric Infection”. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Review3 (2019): e00007-19.
  37. Patricio P., et al. “Editorial introduction - European journal of microbiology and immunology”. European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology4 (2019): 105-113.
  38. Rocha AJ., et al. “Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Virulence Factors and Antibiotic Resistance Genes”. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology - SciELO 62 (2019).
  39. Mathewson ND., et al. “Gut microbiome derived metabolites modulate intestinal epithelial Cell damage and mitigate Graft-versus-Host Disease”. Nature Immunology5 (2016): 505-513.
  40. Kho ZY and Lal SK. “The Human Gut Microbiome- A Potential Controller of Wellness and disease”. Frontiers in Microbiology 9 (2018): 1835.
  41. Peled JU., et al. “Intestinal Microbiota and Relapse After Hematopoietic-Cell Transplantation”. Journal of Clinical Oncology15 (2017): 1650-1659.
  42. Zhgun ES and IIina EN. “Fecal Metabolites As Non-Invasive Biomarkers of Gut Diseases”. Acta Naturae 2 (2020): 4-14.
  43. Weber D., et al. “Low urinary indoxil sulfate levels early after transplantation reflect a Disrupted microbiome and are associated with por outcome”. Blood 14 (2015): 1723-1728.
  44. Zama D., et al. “Insights Into the role of intestinal microbiota in hematopoietic stem-cell Transplantation”. Therapeutic Advances in Hematology 11 (2020): 2040620719896961.
  45. Shono Y., et al. “Intestinal Microbiota-related effects on graft-versus-host disease”. International Journal of Haematology 101 (2015): 428-437.
  46. Ingham AC., et al. “Specific gut microbiome members are associated with distinct immune Markers in pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation”. Microbiome 7 (2019): 131.
  47. Kolb HJ., et al. “Infection and GVHD”. Cellular Therapy and Transplantation1 (2018): 8-17.
  48. Ying Taur. Intestinal microbiome changes and stem cell Transplantation: Lessons learned, Virulence 7.8 (2016): 930-938.
  49. Ghimire S., et al. “Pathophysiology of GvHD and Other HSCT-Related Major Complications”. Frontiers in Immunology 8 (2017): 79.
  50. Köhler N and Zeiser R. “Intestinal Microbiota Influence Immune Tolerance Post Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Intestinal GVHD”. Frontiers in Immunology 9 (2018): 3179.
  51. Yordan Martínez and Dairon Más. Role of Herbs and Medicinal Spices as Modulators of Gut Microbiota, Herbs and Spices”. Muhammad Akram and Rabia Shabir Ahmad, Intech Open (2020).
  52. Morrison SJ and Spradling AC. “Stem cells and niches: mechanisms that Promote stem cell maintenance throughout life”. Cell 4 (2008): 598-611.
  53. Szilagyi A. “Relationship(s) between obesity and inflammatory bowel Diseases: possible intertwined pathogenic mechanisms”. Clinical Journal of Gastroenterology2 (2020): 139-152.
  54. Ocansey DK., et al. “Mesenchymal stem cell–gut microbiota interaction in the repair of Inflammatory bowel disease: an enhanced therapeutic effect”. Clinical and Translational Medicine31 (2019).
  55. Peck CE., et al. “Gut Microbial Influences on the Mammalian Intestinal Stem Cell Niche. The Stem Cell Niche”. Stem Cell International (2017).
  56. Haag LM and Siegmund B. “Intestinal Microbiota and the Innate Immune System – A Crosstalk in Crohn’s Disease Pathogenesis”. Frontiers in Immunology 6 (2015): 489.
  57. Gewirtz AT. “Intestinal epithelial toll-like receptors: to protect. And serve?” Current Pharmaceutical Design 1 (2003): 1-5.
  58. Parlato M and Yeretssian G. “NOD-Like Receptors in Intestinal Homeostasis and Epithelial Tissue Repair”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences6 (2014): 9594-9627.
  59. Kamdar K., et al. “Toll-like receptor signaling and Regulation of intestinal immunity”. Virulence3 (2013): 207-212.
  60. Nigro G and Sansonetti PJ. “Microbiota and Gut Stem Cells Cross-Talks: A New View of Epithelial Homeostasis”. Current Stem Cell Reports 1 (2015): 48-52.
  61. Zanello G., et al. “The Cytosolic Microbial Receptor Nod2 Regulates Small Intestinal Crypt Damage and Epithelial Regeneration following T Cell-Induced Enteropathy”. Journal of Immunology1 (2016).
  62. Chen F., et al. “Oxidative Stress in Stem Cell Aging”. Cell Transplant9 (2017): 1483-1495.
  63. Nabhani ZA., et al. “Nod2: The intestinal gate Keeper”. PLOS Pathogens (2017).
  64. Bach SP., et al. “Stem cells: the intestinal stem cell as a Paradigm”. Carcinogenesis3 (2000): 469-476.
  65. Hou Q., et al. “The Research Progress on Intestinal Stem Cells and Its Relationship with Intestinal Microbiota”. Frontiers in Immunology 8 (2017): 599.
  66. Xing PY., et al. “Microbial Metabolites and Intestinal Stem Cells Tune Intestinal Homeostasis”. Proteomics (2020): 5-6.
  67. Wang K., et al. “Redox Homeostasis: The linchpin in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation”. Cell Death and Disease3 (2013): e537.
  68. Capo F and Wilson A. “The Intestine of Drosophila melanogaster: An Emerging Versatile Model System to Study Intestinal Epithelial Homeostasis and Host-Microbial Interactions in Humans”. Microorganism 7 (2019): 336.
  69. Francescangeli F., et al. “Dietary Factors in the Control of Gut Homeostasis, Intestinal Stem Cells, and Colorectal Cancer”. Nutrients12 (2019): 2936.
  70. Cong X., et al. “Influence of Infant Feeding Type on Gut Microbiome Development in Hospitalized Preterm Infants”. Nursing Research2 (2017): 123-133.
  71. Rodríguez JM., et al. “The composition of the gut microbiota throughout life, with an emphasis on Early life”. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease (2015): 26.
  72. Tsoupras A., et al. “Inflammation, not Cholesterol, Is a Cause of Chronic Disease”. Nutrients5 (2018): 604.
  73. Lopez-Candales A., et al. “Linking Chronic Inflammation with Cardiovascular Disease: From Normal Aging to the Metabolic Syndrome”. Journal of Natural Sciences4 (2017): e341.
  74. Serrano A., et al. “Regulation of Inflammatory Response and the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by a Functional Cooked Ham Reformulated with Natural Antioxidants in a Macrophage Immunity Model”. Antioxidants8 (2019): 286.
  75. Vinciguerra F., et al. “Influence of The Mediterranean and Ketogenic Diets on Cognitive Status and Decline: A Narrative Review”. Nutrients4 (2020): 1019.
  76. Paoli A., et al. “Long Term Successful Weight Loss with a Combination Biphasic Ketogenic Mediterranean Diet and Mediterranean Diet Maintenance Protocol”. Nutrients12 (2013): 5205-5217.
  77. Mihaylova MM., et al. “Dietary and Metabolic Control of Stem Cell Function in Physiology and Cancer”. Cell Stem Cell3 (2014): 292-305.
  78. Van Der Heijden M and Vrmeulen L. “Stem cells in homeostasis and cancer of the gut”. Molecular Cancer 18 (2019): 66.
  79. Hnatyszyn A., et al. “Colorectal carcinoma in the course of inflammatory bowel Diseases”. Hereditary Cancer in Clinical Practice 17 (2019): 18.
  80. IlIiano P., et al. “The mutual interplay of gut microbiota, Diet And human disease”. The FBES Journal (2020).
  81. Ding S., et al. “High-fat diet: bacteria interactions promote intestinal inflammation which Precedes and correlates with obesity and insulin resistance in mouse”. PLoS One8 (2010): e12191.
  82. Moran GW., et al. “Enteroendocrine Cells: Neglected Players in Gastrointestinal Disorders?” Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology - SAGE Journals1 (2008): 51-60.
  83. Morel S., et al. “Intestinal Dysbiosis and Development of Cardiovascular Disorders in Childhood Cancer Survivors: A Critical of Review (2020).
  84. Den Besten G., et al. “The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut Microbiota, and host energy metabolism”. Journal of Lipid Research9 (2013): 2325-2340.
  85. Pandey N and Rajagopal R. “Tissue damage induced midgut stem cell Proliferation and microbial dysbiosis in Spodoptera litura”. FEMS Microbiology Ecology11 (2017): 132.
  86. Nagpal R., et al. “Obesity- Linked Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis Associated with Derangements in Gut Permeability and Intestinal Cellular Homeostasis Independent of Diet”. Journal of Diabetes Research (2018): 1-9.
  87. Markowiak P and Śliżewska K. “Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Human Health”. Nutrients9 (2017): 1021.
  88. Chen Y., et al. “The Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease”. Journal of Immunology Research (2015).
  89. Hou Q., et al. “The Research Progress on Intestinal Stem Cells and Its Relationship with Intestinal Microbiota”. Frontiers in Immunology 8 (2017): 599.
  90. Lin L and Zjang J. “Role of intestinal microbiota and metabolites on gut Homeostasis and human diseases”. BMC Immunology2 (2017).
  91. Zelante T., et al. “Tryptophan Catabolites from Microbiota Engage Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Balance Mucosal Reactivity via Interleukin”. Immunity2 (2013): P372-385.
  92. Gao J., et al. “Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Intestinal Immunity Mediated by Tryptophan Metabolism”. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 8 (2018): 13.
  93. Wang W., et al. “Gut microbiota and allogeneic Transplantation”. Journal of Translational Medicine275 (2015).
  94. Dudzicz S., et al. “Lactobacillus plantarum 299v Reduces the Incidence of Clostridium difficile Infection in Nephrology and Transplantation Ward-Results of One Year Extended Study”. Nutrients11 (2018): 1574.
  95. Krumbeck JA., et al. “Prebiotics: why definitions matter”. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 37 (2016): 1-7.
  96. Parada Venegas D., et al. “Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-Mediated Gut Epithelial and Immune Regulation and Its Relevance for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases”. Frontiers in Immunology (2019).
  97. Naymagon S., et al. “Acute graft-Versus-host disease of the gut: considerations for the Gastroenterologist”. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology12 (2017): 711-726.
  98. Le Blanc JG., et al. “Beneficial effects on host energy metabolism of short-chain Fatty acids and vitamins produced by commensal and probiotic bacteria”. Microbial Cell Factories79 (2017).
  99. Peng L., et al. “Butyrate Enhances the Intestinal Barrier by Facilitating Tight Junction Assembly via Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Caco-2 Cell Monolayers”. Journal of Nutrition9 (2009): 1619-1625.
  100. Park J., et al. “Bidirectional Regulatory potentials of short-chain fatty acids and their G-protein-coupled Receptors in autoimmune neuroinflammation”. Scientific Reports 9 (2019): 8837.
  101. Cicchese JM., et al. “Dynamic balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory signals controls disease And limits pathology”. Immunological Reviews1 (2018): 147-167.
  102. Satoshi I., et al. “Efficacy of Enteral Supplementation Enriched with Glutamine, Fiber, and Oligosaccharide on Mucosal Injury following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation”. Case Reports in Oncology3 (2014): 692-699.
  103. Pandley KR., et al. “Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics- a Review”. Journal of Food Science and Technology12 (2015): 7577-7587.
  104. Marimuthu A., et al. “Fermented Fruits and Vegetables of Asia: A Potential Source of Probiotics”. Biotechnology Research International 1 (2014).
  105. Scavuzzi B., et al. “The role of probiotics on each component of the metabolic Syndrome And other cardiovascular risks”. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets8 (2015): 1-12.
  106. Rossi M., et al. “Fermentation of ructooligosaccharides and Inulin by Bifidobacteria: a Comparative Study of Pure and Fecal Cultures”. Applied and Environmental Microbiology10 (2005): 6150-6158.
  107. Wollowski I., et al. “Protective role of Probiotics and prebiotics in colon cancer”. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition2 (2001): 451S-455S.
  108. Flesh Ag., et al. “The therapeutic use of Symbiotics”. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva3 (2014).
  109. Guarner F., et al. “Probiotics and prebiotics”. World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines (2011).
  110. Rafael Lessa Costa., et al. “Infectious complications following probiotic ingestion: a potentially Underestimated problem? A systematic review of reports and case series”. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 18 (2018): 329.
  111. Valero-Cases E., et al. “Non-Dair Fermented Beverages as Potential Carriers to Ensure Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Bioactive Compounds Arrival to the Gut and Their Health Benefits”. Nutriets6 (2020): 1666.
  112. Nataraj BH., et al. “Postbiotics-parabiotics: the New horizons in microbial biotherapy and functional foods”. Microbial Cell Factories 19 (2020): 168.
  113. Wegh C., et al. “Postbiotics and Their Potential Applications in Early Life Nutrition and Beyond”. International Journal of Molecular Science19 (2019): 4673.
  114. Landa-Salgado P., et al. “Isolation and identification of potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria for Holstein calves in the Mexican Plateau”. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias1 (2019): 68-83.
  115. Akter S., et al. “Potential Health-Promoting Benefits of Paraprobiotics, Inactivated Probiotic Cells”. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology4 (2020): 477-481.
  116. Keem EC. “A century of phage research: Bacteriophages and the Shaping of modern biology”. Bioessays1 (2015): 6-9.
  117. Norkin LC. “Felix d’Herelle, the Discovery of Bacteriophages, and Phage Therapy. Anecdotes antibiotics, Arrowsmith, bacteriophage therapy, Bacteriophages”. Molecular Biology and Patogenesis (2015).
  118. Chatterjee A and Duerkop BA. “Beyond Bacteria: Bacteriophage-Eukaryotic Host Interactions Reveal Emerging Paradigms of Health and Disease”. Frontiers in Microbiology 9 (2018): 1394.
  119. Międzybrodzki R., et al. Current Update From the Long-Standing Phage Research Centers in Georgia, Poland, and Russia (2018).
  120. Gordillo Altamirano FL and Barr JJ. “Phage Therapy in the Postantibiotic Era”. Clinical Microbiology Reviews2 (2019): e00066-e18.
  121. Merabishvili M., et al. “Guidelines to Compose an Ideal Bacteriophage Cocktail”. Methods in Molecular Biology 1693 (2018): 99-110.
  122. Sulakvelidze A., et al. “Bacteriophage Therapy”. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy3 (2001): 649-659.
  123. Drulis-Kawa Z., et al. “Bacteriophages and Phage-Derived Proteins – Application Approaches”. Current Medicinal Chemistry14 (2015): 1757-1773.
  124. Khoruts A and Brandt L. “Fecal Microbiota Transplant: A Rose by Any Other Name”. The American Journal of Gastroenterology7 (2019): 1176.
  125. Wortelboer K., et al. “Fecal microbiota Transplantation beyond Clostridioides difficile infections”. EBio Medicine 44 (2019): 716-729.
  126. Kakihana K. “[Fecal microbiota transplantation for acute graft-versus-Host disease of the gut]”. Rinsho Ketsueki5 (2017): 499-505.
  127. Piccin A., et al. “Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) of the tongue and of the oral cavity: A Large retrospective study”. International Journal of Haematology1 (2018).
  128. Li M., et al. “Fecal microbiota Transplantation and bacterial consortium transplantation have comparable Effects on the re-establishment of mucosal barrier function in mice with Intestinal dysbiosis”. Frontiers in Microbiology 6 (2015): 692.
  129. Gagliardi A., et al. “Rebuilding the Gut Microbiota Ecosystem”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health8 (2018): 1679.
  130. Alp S and Akova M. “Antibacterial Resistance in Patients with Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation”. Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases1 (2017): e2017002.
  131. S. Food and Drug Administration. COVID-19-Related Guidance Documents for Industry, FDA Staff, and Other Stakeholders (2020).

Álvaro Zamudio Tiburcio., et al. “A Stem Cells and Intestinal Microbiome”. ”. EC Gastroenterology and Digestive System  10.2 (2023): 01-13.