EC Clinical and Medical Case Reports

The main feature of diabetes, a prevalent chronic metabolic disease, is elevated blood sugar levels brought on by hypoinsulinism or insulin resistance [1]. The frequency of diabetes has been steadily increasing in recent years [2]. Chronically high levels of blood sugar can cause major health concerns and a major decline in life quality by causing important damage to organs like the heart, kidneys, neurons, blood vessels, and retina to fail or degenerate [3]. According to experimental researches, excessive blood sugar produces reactive oxygen species, which lead to brain inflammation [4,5]. Additionally, it causes a dramatic decrease in rat brain neurons, cell death of hippocampal neurons, and pathological alterations in the brain, all of which have an impact on cognitive processes and eventually result in dementia and cognitive deficits [6-9].

1. Finelli C. “Visceral fat and diabetes: a direct relationship?”. EC Diabetes and Metabolic Research3 (2020): 01-02.
2. GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators. “Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 [published correction appears in Lancet. 2023 Sep 30 402 (10408): 1132]”. Lancet10397 (2023): 203-234.
3. Antar SA., et al. “Diabetes mellitus: Classification, mediators, and complications A gate to identify potential targets for the development of new effective treatments”. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 168 (2023): 115734.
4. González P., et al. “Hyperglycemia and oxidative stress: an integral, updated and critical overview of their metabolic interconnections”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 11 (2023): 9352.
5. Tonin G., et al. “Genetic and transcriptomic background of oxidative stress and antioxidative therapies in late complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review”. Antioxidants (Basel)3 (2024): 277.
6. Finelli C. “Metabolic syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, and Covid 19: A possible correlation”. Current Alzheimer Research 12 (2021): 915-924.
7. Salta E., et al. “Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease: A roadmap to clinical relevance”. Cell Stem Cell2 (2023): 120-136.
8. Bou Ghanem A., et al. “Exploring the complexities of 1C metabolism: implications in aging and neurodegenerative diseases”. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 15 (2024): 1322419.
9. Li R., et al. “Alzheimer's amyloid-β accelerates cell senescence and suppresses SIRT1 in human neural stem cells”. Biomolecules2 (2024): 189.
10. Spreng RN., et al. “Cognitive, social, and neural determinants of diminished decision-making and financial exploitation risk in aging and dementia: A review and new model”. Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect 4-5 (2016): 320-344.
11. Cholerton B., et al. “Type 2 diabetes, cognition, and dementia in older adults: toward a precision health approach”. Diabetes Spectrum 4 (2016): 210-219.
12. Wang K., et al. “Risk of dementia among patients with diabetes in a multidisciplinary, primary care management program”. JAMA Network Open 2 (2024): e2355733.
13. Sun M., et al. “Adapted diabetes complications severity index predicts dementia risk in ageing type 2 diabetes mellitus patients”. Brain Communications 2 (2024): fcae079.
14. Jyotsna F., et al. “Exploring the complex connection between diabetes and cardiovascular disease: analyzing approaches to mitigate cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes”. Cureus8 (2023): e43882.
15. Ostovaneh MR., et al. “Deep phenotyping of dementia in a multi-ethnic cardiovascular cohort: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)”. PLoS One4 (2024): e0298952.
16. Csiszar A., et al. “Atherosclerotic burden and cerebral small vessel disease: exploring the link through microvascular aging and cerebral microhemorrhages”. Geroscience (2024).
17. Shang Y., et al. “Association of diabetes with stroke and post-stroke dementia: A population-based cohort study”. Alzheimer's and Dementia 7 (2020): 1003-1012.
18. Husain KH., et al. “Dementia in diabetes: The role of hypoglycemia”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 12 (2023): 9846.
19. Yonamine CY., et al. “Glucose transport and utilization in the hippocampus: from neurophysiology to diabetes-related development of dementia”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22 (2023): 16480.
20. Hamzé R., et al. “Type 2 diabetes mellitus and alzheimer's disease: shared molecular mechanisms and potential common therapeutic targets”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23 (2022): 15287.
21. Rad SK., et al. “Mechanism involved in insulin resistance via accumulation of β-amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles: link between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease”. Drug Design, Development and Therapy 12 (2018): 3999-4021.
22. Sachdeva P., et al. “Recent advances in drug delivery systems targeting insulin signalling for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease”. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 4 (2024): 1169-1179.
23. Biessels GJ and Despa F. “Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes mellitus: mechanisms and clinical implications”. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 10 (2018): 591-604.
24. Savelieff MG., et al. “Diabetes and dementia: Clinical perspective, innovation, knowledge gaps”. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications 11 (2022): 108333.
25. Osmanović Barilar J., et al. “The effect of the sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitor on cognition and metabolic parameters in a rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease”. Biomedicines 4 (2023): 1025.
26. Gunawan PY., et al. “Risk of dementia in patients with diabetes using sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i): A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression”. Diabetes Therapy 3 (2024): 663-675.
27. Sękowski K., et al. “Public knowledge and awareness of diabetes mellitus, its risk factors, complications, and prevention methods among adults in Poland-A 2022 nationwide cross-sectional survey”. Frontiers in Public Health 10 (2022): 1029358.
28. Alhilali MY., et al. “Knowledge and attitude of school students about diabetes mellitus in the western region of Saudi Arabia”. Cureus10 (2023): e47514.
29. Grudziąż-Sękowska J., et al. “Public expectations and needs related to type 2 diabetes prevention: a population-based cross-sectional study in Poland”. International Journal of Public Health 69 (2024): 1606790.
30. Lemche E., et al. “Molecular mechanisms linking type 2 diabetes mellitus and late-onset alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and qualitative meta-analysis”. Neurobiology of Disease 196 (2024): 106485.