EC Clinical and Medical Case Reports

Keywords: Intestinal Brain; Acetylcholine; Serotonin; Nitric Oxide; Motility

Introduction

Preservation of physiological functions, stable tissue homeostasis involves a huge variety of physiologically active compounds (FAS) of hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines (FAS). The goal is to determine the role of FAS in maintaining homeostasis in the intestinal mucosa (IM), whose activity is subordinated to the central and peripheral nervous systems, MALT, APUD and the enteric nervous system (ENS). Represents a highly organized peripheral diffuse immunoneuroendocrine complex I in the IM. As a result, the IM takes on the function of a local regulatory center, as the “intestinal” brain is now called, which produces neurotransmitters, hormones, and tissue hormones. In a healthy body, it is a self-regulating and self-restoring system that takes part in the implementation of functions at the level of an organ, tissue, cell and inside the cell. Diseases cause failure in this system. At the initial stage, compensatory mechanisms are triggered, which are incorporated in duplication into the system of regulation of the functional properties of the organ, creating temporarily existing combinations of different FAS, if their combination is unsuccessful, then the stage of decompensation and autonomization, the activity of the gastrointestinal tract, more specifically, the ordering of the mechanisms of work digestive system. The SOC is constantly “working” in it, a complex multifaceted work takes place. Neuroendocrine cells are involved in this work, new associative connections are created, and the study of impulse transmission pathways is of great interest. In the IM, everything is simpler and more complicated. The IM has its own local centers of regulation and can do without CNS signals, being limited to the spinal cord, or even more simply, its “intestinal” brain; to solve local problems, it is enough to have its own nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract, which belongs to the metasomatic nervous system (MNS) in the IM, entering the autonomous the nervous system of the IM, consisting of microganglionic formations, more precisely intramural ganglia, located on the surface or in the thickness of the organ, the connection of nerves and individual neurons is carried out. The internal organs communicate with each other via the MHC, bypassing the brain, its role is played by the ganglia. Such relationships of neural relationships can be demonstrated as a simple reflex arc. In this case, the organs can work without the participation of the central nervous system. Functional regulation in the gastrointestinal tract has general principles of integration of neurotransmitters and hormones, which form dynamically changing systems of multi-loop regulation. It may be in the form of a cascade of neuroendocrine interactions, but also be two-link. In any case, the cooperative effect of neurogenic and hormonal factors on the target cell can be potentiated or inhibited. Combining two or more information signals on the membrane of the same effector cell is of particular interest for studying FAS interactions.